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Syllabus  of  a  Course  of  Lectures  on 

California  Literature 

and  Its  Spirit 

^     BY 

GEORGE  WHARTON  JAMES,  Litt.  D. 

PASADENA,  CALIFORNIA 


SECOND  EDITION 


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SYLLABUS  of  A  CO 


£~y 

*>*^rQA-^+~^€^^ 

/LECTUR^,/  S^ 


ON 


CALIFORNIA  LITERATURE 
AND  ITS  SPIRIT 

BY 
GEORGE  WHARTON  JAMES,  Litt.  D. 

PASADENA,  CAL. 


SECOND  EDITION 


<Pr/ce,  Fifty  Cents 


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Especially  do  I  wish  to  learn  of  authors  of  creditable  work  in  any  line  who  are 
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Address 

GEORGE  WHARTON  JAMES, 

1098  N.  Raymond  Ave., 

Pasadena,  Cal. 


/'     J,p»  »"  ??*»*«•  5 


C 


INTRODUCTION 


For  nearly  thirty  years  I  have  been  collecting  and  studying  California  Litera 
ture,  with  the  avowed  object  of  some  day  writing  a  work  upon  the  subject,  that 
should  be  not  only  an  anthology,  but  a  History  of  the  Literature  of  the  State 
and  its  makers.  Though  diverted  by  the  multitudinous  affairs  of  a  busy  life, 
I  have  steadily  pursued  this  object,  and,  in  consonance  with  the  larger  purpose, 
have  written  a  number  of  articles  on  California  authors  and  their  work,  and 
given  many  lectures  upon  the  subject.  During  the  last  few  years  the 
latter  phase  of  the  work  has  opened  up  considerably  and  the  following  outlines, 
in  the  main,  are  of  lectures  that  I  have  delivered  in  various  cities  of  Cali 
fornia,  to  Women's  Clubs,  High  Schools,  Colleges,  Lodges,  Parlors  and  other 
audiences.  Generally  they  have  been  given  in  one  course  of  ten  lectures;  some 
times  reduced  to  but  five.  Occasionally  a  single  lecture  has  been  chosen  for  de 
livery,  as,  for  instance,  The  Humorists  of  California;  The  Nature  Writers;  or, 
The  Founding  of  the  Overland  Monthly.  That  on  Joaquin  Miller  has  been  given 
repeatedly,  and  in  many  cities  throughout  the  Union. 

While  to  those  unfamiliar  with  the  great  scope  of  the  subject  it  may  appear 
that  so  many  lectures  ought  very  fully  to  cover  the  field,  it  will  be  self-evident 
to  the  well-informed  student  that  I  have  given  an  inadequate  and  incomplete  sur 
vey  of  California  Literature  in  this  series.  Yet  it  is  confidently  asserted  that, 
to  those  who  will  take  the  trouble  to  browse  in  the  pastures  here  opened  up, 
as  rich  and  varied  a  feast  as  they  have  ever  enjoyed  before  will  be  their  happy 
lot.  The  wealth  and  variety  of  California  Literature  has  not  begun  to  be  esti 
mated,  nor  its  vast  importance  understood. 

This   series   can  be  given  as  outlined  or  condensed  as  follows: 

In  Ten  Lectures. 

I.  Introduction   and  Literature  of  the  Aborigines. 

II.  Literature  of  the  Epoch  of  Spanish  Discovery  and  the  Padres. 

III.  Literature  of  the  Pioneers. 

IV.  Founding   of   the    Overland    Monthly. 

V.  Joaquin  Miller  and  Edwin  Markham. 

VI.  The   Humorists. 

VII.  The    Nature   Writers. 

VIII.  Ambrose  Bierce,  Sterling  and  Scheffauer. 

IX.  A  Cycle  of  Early  Poets,  San  Jose,  Religious,  and  Later  Poets. 

X.  The   Novelists. 

This  order  of  arrangement  is  purely  suggestive.  Any  order  or  arrangement 
can  be  followed. 


358447 


Introduction — Continued 

In  Five  Lectures. 

I.  Introduction  and  Literature  of  the  Aborigines. 

II.  Literature  of  Spanish  Discovery,  Padres  and  Pioneers. 

III.  The  Overland  Monthly,  Miller,  Markham,  Bierce,  and  the  Humorists. 

IV.  The  Nature  Writers  and  Poets. 

V.  The  Novelists. 

It  is  my  sincere  hope  that,  by  the  delivery  of  these  lectures,  the  readings 
from  the  works  of  our  California  authors,  the  elucidation  of  the  CALIFORNIA 
SPIRIT  as  enshrined  in  these  works,  the  publication  of  this  Syllabus,  the  California 
Birthday  Book,  and  the  ultimate  issuance  of  my  magnum  opus — "The  Literature 
of  California  and  its  Makers,"  a  larger  acquaintance  with  the  rich  mine  of  Cali 
fornia's  literary  treasures  will  be  fostered  in  the  minds  of  adults,  and  an  intense 
desire  to  know  it  fully  be  inflamed  in  the  minds  of  the  young  and  also  of  new 
comers  to  the  State. 

GEORGE  WHARTON  JAMES 

1098  Raymond  Avenue,  Pasadena,  California 

September  27,  1909. 


SYLLABUS 

LECTURE  I. 
INTRODUCTORY. 

Is  there  a  California  Literature?  To  be  distinguished  from  other  literature 
it  must  possess  distinctive  qualities.  Three  things  make  literature  Californian. 
I — Author  a  Californian.  II — About  California.  Ill — Possesses  California  Spirit. 

I.  Author  a  Californian.     Not  necessarily  born  here.     Narrow  inclusiveness 
not  possible.     Bret  Harte,  Joaquin  Miller,  Edwin  Markham  not  native  born,  yet 
true   Californians.     Some   native   writers   have   no   distinctive   California   qualities 
in  their  work. 

II.  About  California.     No  matter  who  had  written  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp, 
First   Family   of   Sierras,    Santa   Lucia,    Soul    of    Rafael,    Ramona,    they    justly 
belong  to  California.     Deal  with  California  subjects.     Could  not  have  been  writ 
ten  of  any  other  place.     Distinctive  scenery — people — conditions,  etc. 

III.  Possesses  California  Spirit.     This  a  large  topic.     Not  confined  to  Cali 
fornia,  but  here  in  extraordinarily  large  measure.     Treated  more  fully  later. 

Importance  of  California  Literature  to  the  world — primarily  to  Californians, 
young  especially.  California  the  land  of  destiny.  This  is  shown — I — By  the  Hand 
of  Prophetic  History.  II — By  Peculiar  Isolation  and  Environment.  Ill — By  the 
Pioneer  Basis  of  its  Civilisation. 

I.  By   the  Hand   of  Prophetic   History.     Movement    of    nations    westward. 
Berkeley's  Exclamation,  and  George  Bancroft's  use  of  it.    Kingsley's  novel.  Applies 
peculiarly  to   California.     History  pointing  towards   it   from  dawn   of  civilization. 
Civilization  born  on  slopes  of  Hindu  Kush.    Rise  and  decline  there.    Moved  west 
ward,   within   certain  temperate   zones.     Asia   Minor,   Greece,   Egypt,   Rome,   The 
Empire,    Great   Britain,   the   United    States.     Where   now   in   the   United    States? 
Political    Capital    is    Washington.      Literary    Capital.      Commercial    Capital.      Real 
Capital  is  where  the  dominating  minds  are.    These  will  ultimately  be  in  the  West. 

II.  Peculiar  Isolation  and  Environment.     California's  isolation.     Sierran  bar 
rier.     Sonora  deserts  on  South.     Pacific  Ocean  on  West.     Fifty  years  ago  reached 
only  by  arduous  journeys  overland  from  the  Eastern  States  or  Mexico,  by  Isth 
mus  and  by  sea  or  around  Cape  Horn.     Central  Pacific  Railway  opened  May  10, 
1869.     Twenty  years  of  isolation  for  expression  of  Pioneer  Spirit.     Twenty  years 
of  special  training.     Peculiar  environment  afforded  by  California.     Few  Califor 
nians  know   California.     Topographical  and   climatic   cosmos.     Glaciers   and   des 
erts  ;    barren   plains,    fertile   fields ;    areas   below    sea   level,    over    100   peaks    over 
10,000  feet  high;    Sahara  outdone  in  heat,   dryness  and    area    below    sea    level; 
Mount  Whitney,  Mt.   Shasta,   Mt.    San   Gorgonio,   etc.        One  thousand  miles   of 
shore  line.     Yosemite  and  other  mountain  valleys.     Islands.     Fertile  foothiUs  and 
plains.     Home  of  Big  Trees.     Gigantic  growths   in   flowers,   etc.     Every   desired 
climate  within   reach.     New  Year's   Day  in   Southern   California.     Effect  -of  this 


6  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

;upoi$  body,  miml,  souf.  Conducive  to  out-of-door  life.  Children  may  be  out 
almost  365  days  in  the  year.  Health.  Openness  of  mind,  largeness,  freedom, 
contact  with  nature.  These  enlarge  the  soul. 

Wonderful  recent  changes  and  development.  The  Salton  Sea  in  heart  of  Colo 
rado  Desert.  Results  of  irrigation.  Desert  areas  annihilated.  The  Imperial  Val 
ley,  Coachella  Valley,  etc.  The  Little  Landers.  Artesian  water.  United  States 
Reclamation  Service.  Growth  of  cities  inland  and  on  shore.  Climate  permits 
out-door  sleeping  —  becoming  universal.  Out-of-door  schools.  Thatcher's  Ojai 
Valley  school,  Dr.  Henderson's  near  Riverside,  Mrs.  Chandler's  at  Los  Altos,  Mrs. 
Denton's  at  Pasadena. 

III.  By  the  Pioneer  Basis  of  its  Civilisation.  California  History  prior  to 
the  pioneers.  Spanish  discovery.  Mission  epoch.  Days  of  the  Dons.  Fremont 
and  Sloat,  Monterey,  July  7,  1846.  Kearny's  Army  of  the  West.  Discovery  ^f 
gold  by  Marshall  at  Coloma,  on  North  Fork  of  American  River,  about  fifty  miles 
from  Sacramento,  January,  1848.  The  gold  rush.  Pioneers,  however,  before 
the  gold  days.  Pattie,  Jed.  Smith,  Donner  party,  Parkman's  Oregon  and  Cali 
fornia  trail.  Characteristics  of  pioneers.  Their  Initiative,  Foresight,  Physical 
Strength,  Bravery;  Out-of-Door  Men  and  Women;  Disciplined  by  hardship; 
Cosmopolitan  by  contact  with  diverse  people;  generous;  simple-hearted;  inde 
pendent  in  thought;  men  of  achievement;  careless  of  precedent;  inventive;  just; 
resolute.  Vigilance  Committees. 

The  California  Spirit  is  that  which  feels  this  Historic  Destiny,  is 
permeated  with  the  California  environment  of  largeness  and  freedom, 
and  is  full  of  the  life  of  the  pioneers.  This  local  spirit,  therefore,  is  a 
world-moving  force,  a  spirit  which  is  to  help  potently  to  renew  the  minds,  trans 
form  the  souls  of  the  world.  This  is  California's  High  Destiny.  This  spirit  is 
enshrined  unconsciously  in  California's  Literature,  hence  the  need  and  benefit  of  a 
thorough  study  of  it. 


LECTURE  II. 

THE  LITERATURE  OF  THE  ABORIGINES. 

Do  the  California  Aborigines  have  a  literature?  When  did  "Homer"  be 
come  literature?  Is  it  the  writing  that  makes  literature,  or  the  invention,  the 
creation?  The  Norwegian  and  Icelandic  Sagas.  The  Songs  of  the  Troubadours. 
Folk  Lore.  Grimm's  Stories.  Hans  Anderson's  Fairy  Tales.  The  California 
Aborigines  were  creators  and  inventors  of  stories.  Their  extensive  mythology. 
Jeremiah  Curtin's  Creation  Myths  of  North  America.  Hittell's  errors  as  to  the 
Indians  having  no  legends,  mythology  or  religion.  How  did  Indian  literature 
originate?  Nature  worshipers.  Personified  the  forces  around  them  —  sun,  moon, 
stars,  storms,  lightning,  clouds,  rivers,  etc.  Power's  Tribes  of  California.  The 
place  of  the  coyote  in  Indian  stories.  Shamans  or  medicine-men.  What  is  meant 
by  the  term—  medicine.  Rhapsodists  or  story-tellers.  Odigininina.  Wallapai 
chief,  Le-ve  Le-ve.  Chemehuevi  women.  How  stories  are  told.  Major  Powell, 
The  unwritten  Bible  of  Savagery.  Charles  F.  Lummis'  Man  That  Married  the 
Moon.  Campfires  on  desert,  mountain,  or  in  canyon  and  forest.  Myths  —  the  su 
perstitions  of  the  ancients.  Natural  forces  represented  as  living  beings.  Legends— 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  7 

wonder  stories,  unauthentic,  improbable,  yet  interesting.  Folk  Lore  includes 
myths  and  legends,  also  stories  of  the  customs,  etc.,  of  the  people.  Benefit  to 
us  of  this  knowledge.  Operations  of  the  human  mind  in  the  childhood  of  the 
race.  Major  Powell  and  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  and  the  Geological  Survey. 

The  simplicity  of  the  aboriginal  mind.  Takes  things  for  granted.  The  turtle 
of  the  Hindoo  upon  which  the  elephant  and  the  world  rest.  Note  this  in  story 
of  the  Creation.  Tochopa's  daughter,  etc.  Gaining  the  Indians'  viewpoint.  Why 
does  the  Indian  worship  the  snake,  the  bird,  the  fish,  the  cougar,  the  bear,  etc.  ? 
The  value  of  the  Indian  and  his  legends  to  American  Literature.  Fenimore 
Cooper,  Longfellow's  Hiawatha,  H.  H.  Jackson's  Ramona,  Marah  Ellis  Ryan's 
For  the  Soul  of  Rafael,  and  Love  Letters  of  an  Indian,  etc.  Creation  myths. 
Captain  Poncho  at  Martinez  on  Colorado  Desert.  Two  babes  in  egg  floating  in 
air.  Quarrel  which  was  oldest.  The  making  of  light.  Jose  Pedro  Lucero  at 
Saboba.  Siwash  sent  Uuyot.  Boats  full  of  people.  Landed  in  Southern  Cali 
fornia.  Storm.  Dread.  Uuyot's  prayer.  Dancing.  Smoking.  Darkness.  Com 
ing  of  light.  Bare  and  level  earth.  How  mountains,  valleys,  rivers,  were  made. 
Animals,  birds,  reptiles,  trees,  etc.  More  people.  Location  of  villages. 

The  creation  myth  of  the  Mattoals.  That  of  the  Klamath  Karoks.  Kareza 
on  the  Sacred  Throne.  Order  of  creation — fishes,  animals,  man.  All  alike  in 
power.  Man  to  give  each  his  rank.  Big  Bow  and  long  arrows.  Coyote's  cun 
ning.  His  sleep.  Distribution  of  bows.  Cougar,  bear,  frog  next  to  last,  coyote 
last.  Kareza  took  pity  on  coyote  and  prayed  for  him.  Made  crafty.  Friend  to 
man.  Helped  him  hereafter.  Creation  myths  of  Maidus,  Miwoks,  Shastas,  Walla- 
pais  and  Havasupais.  Indian  legends  describe  physical  phenomena.  Bertha  H. 
Smith's  YOSEMITE  LEGENDS.  Pohono  or  Bridal  Veil  Falls — the  Spirit  of  the  Evil 
Wind.  The  Chemehuevis  legend  of  the  Chimpapoiinoqui — or  place  where  the 
bear  left  his  tracks.  Helen  Hunt  Jackson's  reference  in  RAMONA  to  the  Cahuilla 
legend  of  Tauquitch,  the  demon  of  Mt.  San  Jacinto.  The  legend  of  Tauquitch  and 
Algoot  in  JOURNAL  OF  AMERICAN  FOLK  LORE,  How  the  Karoks  got  fire,  or  why 
the  ground  squirrel  has  a  black  streak  behind  his  shoulders.  Kipling's  JUST  So 
STORIES.  John  Vance  Cheney's  poem,  How  Sqvirs  Coyote  Brought  Fire  to  the 
Cahrocs. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  II. 

u,  Bancroft,  H.  H.,  NATIVE  RACES  OF  THE  PACIFIC  STATES,  Vol.  Ill  Mythology  and 
Languages.  Brinton,  D.  G.,  California  Indians  (In  his  MYTHS  OF  THE  NEW 
WORLD,  1896),  p.p.  58,  161,  235.  Clark,  Galen,  INDIANS  OF  THE  YOSEMITE  VALLEY, 
THEIR  HISTORY,  CUSTOMS  AND  TRADITIONS.  Curtin,  Jeremiah,  CREATION  MYTHS  OF 
PRIMITIVE  AMERICA.  Fiske,  John,  MYTHS  AND  MYTHMAKERS.  Goddard,  Pliny 
Earl,  HUPA  TEXTS,  MYTHS  AND  LEGENDS,  (University  of  California  Publications, 
1903-4.)  James,  George  Wharton,  THE  INDIANS  OF  THE  PAINTED  DESERT  REGION; 
THE  WONDERS  OF  THE  COLORADO  DESERT;  THROUGH  RAMONA'S  COUNTRY;  INDIAN 
BASKETRY;  IN  AND  AROUND  THE  GRAND  CANYON.  Lummis,  Charles  F.,  THE  MAN 
WHO  MARRIED  THE  MOON.  Matthews,  Washington,  NAVAHO  LEGENDS.  Miller, 
Joaquin,  LIFE  AMONG  THE  MODOCS.  Parkman,  Francis,  THE  OREGON  TRAIL.  Pow 
ell,  J.  W.,  SKETCH  OF  THE  MYTHOLOGY  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  INDIANS  (in  First 
Report  Bureau  of  Ethnology.)  Powers,  S.,  TRIBES  OF  CALIFORNIA,  U.  S.  Bureau 
of  Ethnology.  Smith,  Bertha  H.,  YOSEMITE  LEGENDS.  Strobridge,  I.  M.,  THE 
LOOM  OF  THE  DESERT.  Consult  also  all  the  volumes  of  the  Bureau  of  North  Amer- 


8  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

ican  Ethnology.    They  are  full  of  reliable  data,  gathered  by  trained  observers  and 
students,   about  the   North   American   Indian.  & 

Magazine  Articles:  Austin,  Mary,  Winneduma,  Land  of  Sunshine,  Vol  8, 
p.  267.  Barrows,  D.  P.,  Some  Coahuia  Songs  and  Dances,  Land  of  Sunshine,  Vol. 
4,  p.  38.  Buchanan,  Charles  Milton,  The  Indian:  His  Origin  and  Legendary  Lore, 
Overland  Monthly,  August,  1900.  Coan,  H.  E.,  The  Legend  of  Mt.  Tauquits, 
Land  of  Sunshine,  Vol.  5,  p.  173. 


LECTURE  III. 

LITERATURE  OF  THE  EPOCH  OF  SPANISH  DISCOVERY. 

Ignorance  of  the  Continent  of  North  America  up  to  1492.  Sagas  as  Norse 
men  and  Iceland  had  traditions,  but  no  knowledge.  Asia  reached  by  going  east. 
Columbus  sailed  from  Palos,  August  3,  1492.  Joaquin  Miller's  glorious  poem  on 
this  event.  Changes  in  the  subsequent  four  hundred  years.  Discovery  of  the 
lower  coast  of  Africa  ;  all  America  ;  all  Australasia.  Explorers  who  followed 
Columbus,  Cortes,  Pizarro,  Balboa.  Keats'  incorrect  historic  allusion.  Balboa's 
trip  across  Darien,  arrival  at  the  South  Sea,  September  25,  1513.  This  the  first 
step  to  the  discovery  of  California.  Cortes'  operations  on  the  Pacific  between 
1521  and  1530.  His  letter  to  King  Charles  V,  May  15,  1522.  Villa  for  ship-build 
ing.  Founding  of  Zacatula,  July,  1526.  Ship  arrives  near  Zacatula  from  Spain  by 
Magellan  Straits.  Five  vessels  built  for  exploration.  Robbed  and  pillaged  in  ab 
sence  of  Cortes.  In  1532  had  to  begin  again.  Meantime  enemies  active.  Nuno 
de  Guzman  1529  came  north.  Again  1531.  Organized  Nueva  Galicia. 

1532  Cortes  sent  two  vessels  from  Acapulco.  Commander  Becerra  killed. 
Jiminez,  the  mutineer,  put  in  command.  Discovered  Santa  Cruz.  Supposed  to 
be  an  island.  The  first  knowledge  of  the  California  of  today  —  part  of  the  penin 
sula.  Colony.  Ulloa  left  in  charge  in  1536. 

On  the  Atlantic  Coast  history  in  the  making  which  was  ultimately  to  affect 
the  yet  unknown  California.  Panfilo  de  Narvaez,  1519,  sent  by  Gov.  Velasquez 
of  Cuba  to  arrest  Cortes.  He  is  arrested  instead.  Released.  Goes  to  Spain.  His 
ill-fated  expedition  with  600  men  to  Florida  in  1528.  Cabeza  de  Vaca.  Lummis's 
story  of  his  trip.  May  1,  1536,  reached  Melchior  Diaz  at  Culiacan.  Heroic  jour- 
neyings.  Mendoza  now  viceroy.  Excitement  at  DeVaca's  stories.  Expedition 
planned.  Marcos  de  Nizza's  reconaissance.  Cortes  fears.  Sends  Ulloa  with  three 
vessels  from  Acapulco,  July  8,  1539.  Discovery  of  the  Gulf,  named  after  Cortes. 
Afraid  of  tide  at  head  of  Gulf.  Missed  opportunity  to  discover  Colorado  River. 
The  name  California.  Ordonez  de  Montalvo's  romance,  SERGAS  DE  ESPLANDIAN. 
Mendoza  now  sends  Coronado  to  New  Mexico,  February,  1540.  Alarcon  starts 
by  sea,  May  9,  1540,  to  co-operate.  Discovers  the  secret  of  the  river,  unknown 
to  Ulloa.  Melchior  Diaz's  trip  and  landing  in  California.  His  death.  Original 
records  of  these  expeditions.  RAMUSIO'S  three  volumes,  1554,  1583,  1585.  Ac 
count  of  Ulloa's  trip  written  by  Francisco  Preciado.  Ramusio  quoted.  In  1599- 
1600  HAKLUYT  translates  Ramusio  into  English.  Reprints  in  1904.  Coronado's 
historian  was  Castaneda.  Winship's  translation  in  Bureau  of  Ethnology  Report, 
1892.  Original  copy  of  C.'s  narrative,  made  1596  at  Seville,  Spain,  now  in  Lenox 
Library,  N.  Y.  Mendoza,  undaunted,  sends  Juan  Rodriguez  Cabrillo  to  explore 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  9 

North  Coast.  Portuguese.  Diary  written  either  by  Ferrelo,  the  pilot,  or  Juan 
Paez.  Original  in  Madrid.  Copied  by  Buckingham  Smith  ;  translated  by  R.  S. 
Evans  and  published  in  United  States  Geological  Survey  Report  W.  of  100th 
meridian,  Vol.  2,  part  1.  Cabrillo  left  Navidad  (315  M.  N.  of  Acapulco)  June 
27,  1542.  Enters  San  Diego  Bay.  Discovers  Channel  Islands.  Reaches  Cape  Men- 
docino.  Saw  and  named  the  Sierra  Nevadas.  On  the  return  journey  Cabrillo 
died  on  island  of  San  Miguel.  Ferrelo  made  captain. 

Sir  Francis  Drake  in  1579.  Did  not  enter  San  Francisco  Bay.  Drake's  Bay. 
Accounts  in  Hakluyt,  Vol.  2,  p.p.  440-2;  WORLD  ENCOMPASSED,  by  Drake  himself, 
London,  1628.;  DISCOURSE  OF  SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE  in  MSS.,  but  republished  by 
Hakluyt  Society. 

Sixty  years  after  Cabrillo  Sebastian  Vizcaino  makes  explorations.  Sutro  col 
lection  of  authorized  copies  from  Seville.  George  Butler  Griffin's  Translations. 
Published  Southern  California  Historical  Society,  1891.  Vizcaino's  letter  to  King 
for  help.  Writes  from  Bay  of  Monterey,  December  28,  1602.  He  renamed  places 
on  Coast  as  now  found.  The  Viceroy,  Conde  de  Monte  Rey.  Vizcaino's  letter  to 
the  King.  Value  of  the  Bancroft  Library  now  owned  by  the  State  University. 

References:  Bancroft's  HISTORIES  OF  PACIFIC  COAST;  Lummis's  SPANISH 
PIONEERS,  HAKLUYT,  etc.,  as  noted  in  syllabus  above. 


LECTURE  IV. 

LITERATURE  OF  THE  PADRES. 

Epoch  of  the  Missions.  After  Vizcaino  California  neglected  for  nearly  150 
years.  Activity  of  Religious  Orders.  Jesuits,  Franciscans,  Dominicans,  etc. 
Jesuits  in  Lower  California.  Missions  established  there.  Kino  and  Salviaterra. 
The  Pious  Fund.  Origin  of  Franciscans.  Founded  1210.  Francis  of  Assissi  born 
1182,  died  1226.  Canonized  by  Gregory  in  1228. 

Jesuits  expelled  by  Carlos  III  in  1767.  Franciscans  required  to  take  control 
in  Peninsula.  Serra  put  in  charge.  History  and  Spirit  of  Serra.  Life  by  Palou. 
Born  at  Petra,  Mallorca,  Spain,  November  24,  1713.  Entered  Franciscan  order 
September  14,  1730,  took  vows  September  15,  1731.  Brilliant  student,  successful 
preacher.  Desire  to  become  missionary.  Sailed  from  Cadiz  with  Palou,  August 
28,  1749.  Walked  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Mexico  City.  Serra  a  hero  of  self-sacrifice 
and  self-discipline.  Nine  }rears  with  Sierra  Gorda  Indians.  Seven  years  in  Mex 
ico.  Appointed  presidcnte  of  California  Missions  July  12,  1767.  Two  days  later 
with  eight  friars  started  overland.  Gaspar  de  Portola  the  new  governor.  Jose 
de  Galvez,  King's  Inspector  General,  with  large  powers.  Afterwards  Viceroy. 
Long  delay  at  Tepic.  Difficulty  to  obtain  enough  friars.  Arrival  of  the  banished 
Jesuits  on  the  Purisima  Conception.  Serra  and  fifteen  friars  returned  on  same 
vessel.  Arrived  April  1,  1768,  at  Loreto.  Friars  sent  to  respective  posts.  Tem 
poralities  in  hands  of  soldiers.  Palou  appeals  to  Galvez,  who  visits  the  peninsula 
missions.  Restores  temporalities.  The  King  orders  extension  of  missions  to  Alta 
California.  Galvez  and  Serra  confer  at  Santa  Ana.  Preparations  for  the  new 
work.  Relinquishment  of  the  missions  of  the  Peninsula.  Palou  Ic't  to  wind  up 
affairs.  Serra's  enthusiasm  over  the  new  work.  Two  royal  vessels,  San  Carlos 


10  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

and  San  Antonio,  were  to  go  by  sea.  Two  land  expeditions.  Galvez  orders  Pen 
insula  missions  to  contribute  supplies  for  the  new  missions.  Three  missions,  at 
first,  to  be  established,  viz.,  San  Diego,  Monterey,  and  San  Buenaventura,  mid 
way  between  the  two.  Serra's  plea  for  a  mission  for  St.  Francis.  Galvez's  re 
ply.  San  Carlos  at  La  Paz,  December,  1768.  Hastily  constructed.  Leaky.  Emp 
tied  and  repaired.  January  10,  after  blessing,  and  speech  by  Galvez  sailed  for 
San  Diego.  San  Antonio  delayed  by  storms.  Overhauled,  repaired,  and  then 
loaded  with  provisions,  etc.  Sailed  February  15.  Each  to  wait  twenty  days  for 
the  other  at  San  Diego.  As  an  additional  aid  another  vessel  equipped — San  Jose — 
so  that  one  always  remain  at  San  Diego,  other  two  ply  back  and  forth  to  San 
Bias.  San  Jose  sailed  May  1,  1769.  Three  months  later  returned  with  broken 
mast.  Repaired.  Again  sailed.  Lost. 

Two  land  expeditions.  First  under  Capt.  Fernando  Rivera  y  Moncada  to  go 
ahead,  collect  provisions  and  mules,  and  the  second,  under  Governor  Portola,  to 
follow.  Juan  Crespi  with  Rivera,  Serra  with  Portola.  Serra's  holograph  diary 
of  the  trip  in  the  Ramirez  Collection  of  E.  E.  Ayer,  Chicago.  Translated  by  C. 
F.  Lummis  in  OUT  WEST,  Vol.  16,  p.  293  et.  seq.  Palou's  LIFE  OF  SERRA,  published 
in  Mexico,  1787.  Poor  translation  by  Vicar  General  Adam,  Los  Angeles.  Com 
plete  translation  of  Palou's  Life  of  Serra,  issued  by  George  Wharton  James,  1913. 

The  journey  north.  Serra's  injured  leg  and  its  cure.  Arrival  at  San  Diego. 
Adventures  of  the  San  Antonio  and  San  Carlos.  Loss  of  crew  through  scurvy, 
save  cook  and  one  sailer.  San  Antonio  arrives  first,  April  11,  1769;  eighteen 
days  later  San  Carlos.  May  14  Rivera  appears,  with  25  soldiers,  Padre  Crespi, 
four  others  and  forty-two  Christianized  natives.  Two  diaries  written  on  this 
trip  in  existence,  the  one  by  Crespi  published  in  Palou's  NOTICIAS.  Portola,  Serra 
and  sixteen  soldiers  and  helpers  and  forty-four  natives  arrive  end  of  June  and 
July  1.  Portola's  diary.  Thanksgiving.  San  Antonio  goes  back  for  supplies 
and  a  new  crew.  San  Carlos  remains.  San  Jose  still  expected.  Portola,  Rivera, 
thirty-four  soldiers  and  volunteers,  Padres  Crespi  and  Gomez,  ten  other  whites 
and  fifteen  Indians — 64  in  all — start  for  Monterey  on  July  14,  1769.  Mission  of 
San  Diego  founded  by  Serra,  July  16,  at  Cosoy,  Old  Town.  Trouble  with  Indi 
ans.  Long  remained  stubborn.  No  one  converted  in  the  first  year. 

Journey  north.  They  see  Monterey  BV,  Yet  do  not  recognize  it.  Rivera 
and  eight  men  explore  south  and  walk  on  shore  of  Carmelo  Bay,  yet  do  not 
know  it.  October  4  mass  at  mouth  of  Salinas  River.  Then  consultation.  Pro 
visions  short,  seventeen  men  sick.  Decide  to  go  forward,  hoping  to  find  the  port 
and  the  San  Jose  with  supplies. 

Two  explanations  offered  for  failure  to  recognize  port  of  Monterey.  I. — 
Palou  deems  it  a  miracle  on  behalf  of  the  port  of  San  Francisco;  II. — that  Gal 
vez  had  given  secret  orders  not  to  find  it.  Old  San  Francisco  long  known.  Golden 
Gate  and  present  harbor  unknown.  Ortega  and  his  soldiers  sent  on.  Returns 
with  news  of  the  mouth  of  the  harbor.  Back  to  San  Diego.  January  24,  1770, 
arrive. 

Governor  disheartened.  No  San  Jose  yet.  Decided  to  abandon  the  enter 
prise  March  20.  Serra  broken-hearted.  Prayers,  Novena  and  grand  ceremony 
March  19.  That  night  the  San  Antonio  appeared  in  fog.  Rejoicing.  Portola, 
Serra  and  Crespi  started  North.  Monterey  duly  recognized.  June  3,  1770,  mis 
sion  and  presidio  of  San  Carlos  Borromeo  founded. 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  ]  \ 

Hereafter  the  literature  of  the  padres  is  the  historical  account  of  the  found 
ing  of  the  missions  and  their  method  of  conducting  religious  and  temporal  affairs. 

Palou's  account  of  Serra's  death,  August  28,  1784.  Buried  in  Carmel  Mis 
sion.  Cassanova's  restoration  of  Carmel  and  discovery  of  Serra's  remains.  Serra's 
successors,  Palou,  Lasuen  1785-1803,  Tapis  1803-1812,  Senan  1812-1815,  Payeras 
1815-1819,  Senan  1819-1823,  Sarria  1823-1825,  Duran  1825-1827,  Sanchez  1827-1831, 
Diego  1831  and  then  became  bishop  and  office  of  president  abolished.  In  1812 
Comisario  perfecto  also.  Two  officials  up  to  1831. 

Juan  Bautista  de  Anza's  ride  from  Sonora  to  find  route  to  California  mis 
sions.  Tubac,  San  Xavier,  Tumacacori,  Tucson.  Padre  Garces.  The  missions 
on  Colorado  River.  Arrival  at  San  Gabriel  and  Monterey.  Serra's  opposition  to 
new  method.  Danger  prophesied.  Anza's  diary.  Report.  Second  journey.  Col 
onists,  etc.,  for  San  Francisco.  In  1775  started.  Font's  account.  Garces'  diary, 
translated  by  Elliott  Coues.  Two  hundred  and  forty  persons,  695  horses,  355 
cattle.  Hardships.  Arrival.  Return.  Founding  of  Yuma  missions.  Disaster. 
Murder  of  Garces,  etc.,  and  Governor  Rivera. 

The  Indians  as  seen  by  the  padres.  Salmeron  on  Catalina  Island  Indians. 
Crespi.  Palou.  Boscana's  CHINIGCHINICH,  Bancroft's  summaries  in  NATIVE 
RACES. 

The  records  of  all  the  old  missions.  The  rubrics  of  the  padres.  Sign  man 
uals.  See  Father  Zephyrin's  MISSIONS  AND  MISSIONARIES  OF  CALIFORNIA.  Arch 
bishop's  ARCHIVES  in  his  office.  San  Francisco.  Eight  volumes,  2560  letters,  etc. 
Loss  of  300  volumes  in  1906  fire,  San  Francisco  Land  Office,  CALIFORNIA  ARCHIVES. 
Mainly  copied  by  Bancroft,  69  volumes  at  University,  Berkeley.  SANTA  BARBARA 
ARCHIVES,  about  2000  M.S.S.  letters,  reports,  etc.,  at  Old  Mission. 

REFERENCES   FOR   LECTURE   IV. 

Baegert,  Jacob,  translation  of  his  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  ABORIGINAL  INHABITANTS 
OF  THE  CALIFORNIA  PENINSULA,  made  by  Charles  Rau,  Smithsonian  Report  1863. 
Benavides,  Alonso,  translation  of  his  MEMORIAL,  in  Land  of  Sunshine,  Vol.  13,  by 
Mrs.  Edward  E.  Ayer.  Carter,  C.  F.,  MISSIONS  OF  NUEVA  CALIFORNIA.  Clinch, 
B.  J.,  CALIFORNIA  AND  ITS  MISSIONS.  Coues,  Elliott,  ON  THE  TRAIL  OF  A  SPANISH 
PIONEER  (a  translation  of  the  diaries  of  Padre  Garces,  with  excellent  notes. 
Diaz,  Bernal,  TRUE  HISTORY  OF  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NEW  SPAIN;  translation,  Lon 
don,  1844.  James,  George  Wharton,  IN  AND  OUT  OF  THE  OLD  MISSIONS.  Palou, 
LIFE  OF  SERRA,  translation  by  Father  Adams.  Sutro  Collection  of  SERRA'S  LET 
TERS,  etc.,  originals  and  translations  by  C.  B.  Griffin  in  Proceedings  of  Southern 
California  Historical  Society,  1891,  part  II.  Zephyrin's  MISSIONS  AND  MISSION 
ARIES  OF  CALIFORNIA.  A  full  list  of  Spanish  authorities  will  be  found  in  Ban 
croft,  and  in  Zephyrin's  MISSIONS  AND  MISSIONARIES  OF  CALIFORNIA,  Vol.  I,  p.p. 
XIX,  et  seq. 


Since  this  Syllabus  was  first  issued  Mrs.  Ayer's  Translation  of  Benavides' 
MEMORIAL  has  been  published  privately  and  a  full  translation  has  been  issued  by 
George  Wharton  James  of  Palou's  LIFE  OF  SERRA. 


12  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 


LECTURE  V. 

LITERATURE  OF  THE  PIONEERS. 

Three  pioneer  epochs.  I — Prior  to  the  Military  Invasion.  II — Military  In 
vasion.  Ill — Pioneer  Gold  Days.  Value  of  this  literature.  Heroic  epics.  En- 
shrinement  of  California  spirit. 

I. — Pioneers  prior  to  the  Military  Invasion.  A  far  greater  interest  in  Cali 
fornia  and  the  West  before  the  days  of  gold  than  people  generally  know.  Lewis 
&  Clark's  exploration  of  the  Louisiana  purchase  in  1804-06.  Jefferson's  foresight. 
Discussions  in  Congress  about  Oregon.  England's  claims.  Trappers.  Jed.  Smith 
in  1876  left  Salt  Lake  with  fifteen  men.  Rios  Virgen  and  Colorado  over  desert 
to  San  Gabriel.  Taken  to  Gov.  Echeandia  in  San  Diego.  Released.  Eight 
slain  by  Indians.  At  Mission  San  Jose.  Padre  Duran's  charge.  First  crossing 
of  Sierra  Nevada  in  1827.  The  Patties — father  and  son.  Wonderful  adventures. 
Horrors  of  trip  across  desert  below  Yuma.  Arrested  at  Santa  Catarina  Mission, 
Lower  California,  and  brought  to  San  Diego.  Echeandia's  sternness.  Death  of 
father  in  prison.  Release  of  Pattie  to  vaccinate  the  Calif ornian s ;  23,500  operated 
on.  Row  with  Padre  Juan  Cabortes  at  San  Francisco,  July  8,  1829.  Refusal  of 
offer.  PATTIE'S  NARRATIVE  published  in  St.  Louis,  1831.  Rigid  regulations  re 
stricted  influx  of  foreigners. 

Kit  Carson,  born  Kentucky,  December  24,  1809.  Adventurous  by  birth  and 
association.  Taos,  1828.  Sacramento  Valley,  1829-30.  Exciting  life.  Met  Fre 
mont  as  he  started  on  first  expedition  in  1842.  Friendship  with  Fremont  and 
wife  and  Senator  Benton.  Fremont's  and  Carson's  Memoirs.  Carson's  and  Beale's 
heroic  act  in  saving  Kearny's  army.  Died  Ft.  Lyon,  Colo.,  May  23,  1868. 

John  Coulter's  ADVENTURES  *  *  IN  CALIFORNIA.  Lies;  see  Overland,  Vol.  2, 
p.  263.  Natural  instinct  to  romance.  R.  H.  Dana's  visit.  Two  YEARS  BEFORE 
THE  MAST,  1840.  Truthful  and  fascinating.  Forbes's  CALIFORNIA  and  Robinson's 
LIFE  IN  CALIFORNIA,  1846.  These  three  books  had  wonderful  influence  in  stim 
ulating  travel  to  California.  Also  reports  of  Fremont's  explorations,  1842-43-44 
45-46,  and  Greenhow's  OREGON  AND  CALIFORNIA  (1844.) 

Donner  party.  Reed  and  Donner.  Enlargement  of  party  at  Independence. 
Death  on  way.  Ft.  Bridger.  Hastings  cut-off.  Reed's  energy.  Loss  of  stock  on 
Salt  Desert.  Death  of  Snyder.  Banishment  of  Reed.  Heroism  of  12-year-old 
Virginia.  Privations.  Return  of  Stanton.  In  the  snow.  Horrors.  Rescue.  Sin 
clair  and  Yount.  Virginia's  letter.  Thornton's  account. 

Heath  Davis's  SIXTY  YEARS  IN  CALIFORNIA.  Story  of  Sutter.  Jim  Beck- 
wourth.  Crow  Chief.  Scout.  Indian  trader.  Messenger  from  Monterey.  Mur 
ders  at  San  Miguel.  Slaying  a  grizzly  bear.  Ross  Browne's  DANGEROUS  JOURNEY. 
Fight  between  bull  and  bear.  Parkman's  OREGON  TRAIL. 

II. — Military  Invasion.  Fremont's  memoirs.  U.  S.  Flag  raised  Tuesday,  July 
7.  War  with  Mexico.  Sloat  at  Monterey.  Kearny's  Army  of  the  West.  Re 
port.  Battle  of  San  Pasqual.  Journey  across  desert.  Desperate  straits.  John 
ston's  Diary.  Carson's  and  Beale's  heroism. 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  ]  3 

III.  —  Pioneers  of  the  Gold  Days.  Vast  amount  of  material.  Manly's  Death 
Valley  party.  Manly  and  Rogers  go  ahead.  Their  return.  The  little  mule.  Pack 
ing  the  oxen.  The  stampede.  Comedy  and  tragedy.  Escape.  The  real  Death 
Valley  party.  Colton's  THREE  YEARS  IN  CALIFORNIA.  Bryant's  WHAT  I  SAW  IN 
CALIFORNIA,  1846-7.  Bayard  Taylor.  William  Taylor's  street  preaching  in  San 
Francisco.  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO.  White's  reply.  Bret  Harte's  Stories. 
Habberton's  ROMANCE  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIFE. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE   V. 

Bancroft's  HISTORIES.  Beckwourth,  James,  LIFE  OF  SCOUT  AND  PIONEER-  Browne, 
J.  Ross,  DANGEROUS  JOURNEY.  Canfield,  C.  L.,  DIARY  OF  A  FORTY-XINER.  Carson, 
Kit,  STORY  OF  LIFE  AND  ADVENTURES.  Conrad,  H.  L.,  UNCLE  DICK  WOOTTON.  Dana, 
R.  H.,  Two  YEARS  BEFORE  THE  MAST.  Dellenbaugh,  F.,  BREAKING  THE  WILDER 
NESS.  Emory,  Abert,  Cooke  and  Johnston,  REPORTS  ON  OPERATIONS  OF  ARMY  OF 
THE  WEST.  Fremont,  J.  C.,  MEMOIRS  OF  MY  LIFE.  Forbes,  A.,  CALIFORNIA,  pub 
lished  in  London.  Grey,  William,  PIONEER  TIMES  IN  CALIFORNIA.  Greenhow, 
Robert,  OREGON  AND  CALIFORNIA.  Inman,  SANTA  FE  TRAIL.  Lewis  &  Clark's 
EXPLORATIONS.  Manly,  W.  L.,  DEATH  VALLEY  IN  '49.  McGlashan,  C.  F.,  THE 
DONNER  PARTY.  Miller,  Joaquin,  LIFE  AMONG  THE  MODOCS.  Pattie,  James  O., 
PERSONAL  NARRATIVE,  Cincinnati,  1831.  Reprinted  1905.  Robinson,  Alfred,  LIFE 
IN  CALIFORNIA.  Soule,  Gihon  and  Xisbet,  ANNALS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO.  Thorn 
ton,  J.  Quinn,  OREGON  AND  CALIFORNIA.  Upham's  and  Bigelow's  LIFE  OF  FRE 
MONT.  A.  large  variety  of  interesting  narratives  of  exploration  from  1800  to  1857, 
directly  or  indirectly  bearing  upon  California  may  be  found  in  Pacific  Railway 
Reports,  Vol.  XI,  p.  13  et  seq. 

In  the  Bancroft  Library,  State  University,  Berkeley,  are  many  personal  nar 
ratives  of  pioneers,  in  manuscript,  of  great  value. 


LECTURE  VI. 
THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  OVERLAND  MONTHLY. 

Twenty  years  after  discovery  of  gold.  Material  prosperity.  Early  magazines 
—  GOLDEN  ERA,  1852.  THE  PIONEER,  1854.  HUTCHINGS'  CALIFORNIA  MAGAZINE, 
1858.  July,  1868,  OVERLAND  MONTHLY  born.  Anton  Roman.  Devoted  to  the  de 
velopment  of  the  country.  Bret  Harte.  Born  Albany,  X.  Y.,  1839.  Printer  on 
GOLDEN  ERA.  Starr  King.  Mint.  Poet  of  Serious  Things.  The  Reveille.  Made 
editor.  Noah  Brooks  and  \V.  C.  Bartlett  to  help.  Charles  Warren  Stoddard.  Ina 
.Coolbrith.  The  Golden  Gate  Trinity.  Their  work.  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp. 
Local  criticism.  Roman's  and  Harte's  decision.  Offer  from  ATLANTIC  MONTHLY. 
Harte's  account  in  General  Introduction  to  his  collected  works,  Houghton,  Miff- 
lin  &  Co.  Mining  camp  stories.  Dialect  poems.  Heathen  Chinee.  Original 
M.  S.  S.  in  State  University  Library.  Work  as  editor. 

Ina  Coolbrith  and  Beckwourth.  Life  and  school  in  Los  Angeles.  San  Fran 
cisco.  Joyousness  of  early  songs.  Stedman's  praise.  Whittier's  comments  on 
California.  Keith's  appreciation  of  Meadozv  Larks.  Life  in  Oakland.  Librarian. 
In  San  Francisco.  The  earthquake  and  fire.  Loss  of  manuscripts,  letters,  etc. 
Her  poem  on  San  Francisco.  Crowned  Poet-Laureate  of  California  by  Benjamin 
Ide  Wheeler,  San  Francisco,  1915. 


14  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

Charles  Warren  Stoddard.  Born  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Early  poems.  Theatre. 
FOR  THE  PLEASURE  OF  His  COMPANY.  Earlier  experiences  in  FOOTPRINTS  OF  THE 
PADRES.  Hawaii.  Kipling's  estimate  of  SOUTH  SEA  IDYLLS.  Compare  his  Skylark 
with  Shelley's.  Becomes  a  Catholic.  Poor  speller.  Notre  Dame  and  Washington 
University.  Onomatopoesy  in  Bells  of  San  Gabriel. 

Other  writers  of  note  —  Miller,  Bierce,  Brooks,  Bartlett,  Avery,  McCrackin, 
Victor,  Mark  Twain. 

Varying  fortunes  of  OVERLAND. 

//  desired,  a  separate  lecture  can  be  given,  devoted  entirely  to  Charles  Warren 
Stoddard. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  VI. 

Early  volumes  of  OVERLAND  MONTHLY  from  1868.  Also  Bret  Harte  Memorial 
Number,  September,  1902.  Consult  Poole's  Index  for  articles  on  Harte,  Cool- 
brith  and  Stoddard.  Coolbrith,  Ina,  SONGS  FROM  THE  GOLDEN  GATE.  Cummins, 
Ella  S.,  STORY  OF  THE  FILES.  Harte,  Bret,  WORKS  AND  POEMS.  James,  George 
Wharton,  INA  COOLBRITH  (sketch  in  National  Magazine,  June,  1907)  ;  CHARLES 
WARREN  STODDARD,  (in  Ave  Maria,  May  22,  1909.)  Stoddard,  Charles  Warren, 
POEMS,  SOUTH  SEA  IDYLLS,  HAWAIIAN  LIFE,  ISLAND  OF  TRANQUIL  DELIGHTS, 
MARSHALLA,  A  TROUBLED  HEART,  WONDER  WORKER  OF  PADUA,  CRUISE  UNDER  THE 
CRESCENT,  OVER  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS  TO  ALASKA,  IN  THE  FOOTPRINTS  OF  THE 
PADRES,  EXITS  AND  ENTRANCES,  FOR  THE  PLEASURE  OF  His  COMPANY,  THE  LEPERS 
OF  MOLOKAI. 


LECTURE  VII. 
JOAQUIN  MILLER,  THE  POET  OF  THE  SIERRAS. 

Joaquin  Miller.  Born  in  wagon  on  way  to  Indiana,  November  10,  1841. 
Quaker  parents.  Moving  west.  Indians  in  Indiana.  When  Little  Sister  Came. 
Fremont's  explorations.  Crossing  the  plains  to  Oregon.  Gold  mines.  First  song. 
LIFE  AMONG  THE  MODOCS.  Justice  of  Peace.  SPECIMENS.  Pony  rider.  To  Idaho 
and  Montana.  HISTORY  OF  MONTANA.  JOAQUIN,  ET.  AL.  Bret  Harte's  dislike.  Ap 
pears  in  San  Francisco.  Meets  Ina  Coolbrith.  Drops  name  of  Cincinnatus  Heine 
and  becomes  Joaquin.  My  first  visit  to  the  Hights.  Three  miles  east  and  one 
mile  perpendicular!  Joaquin's  peculiar  equipment  as  poet.  Association  with  In 
dians.  Child  mind.  Fullest  culture.  Nature  in  all  its  largeness.  Freedom  of 
miners  and  pioneers.  Pure  lyric  poetry.  To  London.  SONGS  OF  SIERRAS.  In 
stant  success.  Browning.  Rossetti,  etc.  Misunderstood  and  vilified  in  America. 
Indian  wife.  Callishasta.  Minnie  Myrtle.  His  gentleness  under  her  censure. 
Tender  words  in  MEMORIE  AND  RHYME.  Is  he  a  poseur?  My  New  Year's  Day 
visit.  Meeting  with  John  P.  Irish.  Reception  to  Mrs.  Langtry.  Simple  heart. 
Alaska  trip.  Solitude  on  the  Hights.  Hear  the  voice  of  God.  Planting  trees. 
Quotations  on  "Rain."  Love  for  his  mother.  Heroism  —  Civil  War.  Quakerism. 
Defense  of  Indians.  Poet  of  peace.  Peter  Cooper.  The  greatest  heroes.  Poet  of 
freedom.  Cuba  Libre.  To  Russia.  Poems  on  Boers.  His  solitude.  His  refusal 
to  keep  any  books.  Defense  of  Japan.  Place  in  American  poetry.  Imagination. 
Description.  Lyric  power.  Humanity.  Prophecy.  Humor.  The  genius  of  Co 
lumbus. 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  15 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  VII. 

Joaquin  Miller's  COMPLETE  WORKS,  6  vols.,  San  Francisco,  1909,  Whitaker- 
Ray-Wiggins  Co.  ;  THE  DANITES  ;  LIFE  AMONG  THE  MODOCS  ;  PAQUITA,  THE  INDIAN 
HEROINE  ;  MEMORIE  AND  RHYME  ;  FIRST  FAMILIES  OF  THE  SIERRAS  ;  GOLD  SEEKERS 
OF  THE  SIERRAS  ;  DESTRUCTION  OF  GOTHAM  ;  BUILDING  OF  THE  CITY  BEAUTIFUL. 
Consult  Poole's  Index  for  magazine  articles  on  Miller.  Hubbard  &  Tames, 
JOAQUIN  MILLER,  Roycroft,  1903. 


LECTURE  VIII. 
THE  CALIFORNIA  HUMORISTS. 

Humor  of  various  kinds.  No  attempt  to  analyze  humor.  Inclusive.  Califor 
nia  humor  cosmopolitan  ;  influx  of  various  races  ;  new  conditions,  new  juxtapo 
sitions  produce  conscious  and  unconscious  humor.  The  largeness  of  the  country 
leads  to  extravagance  and  exaggeration.  California's  contributions  to  American 
humor:  John  Phoenix,  Squibob,  Bret  Harte,  Joaquin  Miller,  Ross  Browne,  Am 
brose  Bierce,  Mark  Twain,  Charles  Warren  Stoddard,  Dan  de  Quille,  J.  T.  Good 
man,  Sam  Davis,  C.  C.  Goodwin,  Gelett  Burgess,  E.  S.  Field  (Childe  Harold), 
Charles  K.  Field,  "Chimmie  Fadden,"  "Hashimura  Togo,"  "Sazerac  Lying  Club." 

John  Phoenix  —  Lieut.  G.  H.  Derby,  West  Point  graduate,  1846.  Suggestions 
for  new  uniform.  Drawings.  Hook  on  pants.  Secretary  Davis's  anger.  PHOENIX- 
IANA  (1856),  a  protest  against  long-winded  scientific  reports.  Dedicated  to  Dr. 
Hitchcock.  The  Doctor's  horse.  Editor  San  Diego  Herald.  Change  of  politics. 
Pictorial  edition.  Antidote  for  fleas.  THE  SQUIBOB  PAPERS,  1859.  Illustrations. 
Died  May  15,  1861. 

Ross  Browne.  Irish.  Born  1822.  WHALING  CRUISE.  Shorthand  reporter. 
Reporter  of  California  Constitutional  Convention.  Harper's  correspondent. 
YUSEF.  AMERICAN  FAMILY  IN  GERMANY.  LAND  OF  THOR.  CRUSOE'S  ISLAND.  1868 
U.  S.  Minister  to  China.  Died  October,  1875.  The  driver  George.  Mary  Jane. 
Driver's  humor  over  Sierras.  Smashup  at  Walker's  lake. 

Mark  Twain.  TUMPING  FROG,  in  Overland  Monthly.  Innocents  in  New  York. 
INNOCENTS  ABROAD,  written  for  San  Francisco  paper.  Petrified  man.  SAZERAC 
LYING  CLUB,  Fred  H.  Hart.  Charles  Warren  Stoddard's  quiet  humor.  "Joshing" 
of  the  Hawaiian  Consul  in  ISLAND  OF  TRANQUIL  DELIGHTS.  Wm.  Wright,  (Dan  de 
Quille.)  BIG  BONANZA.  Expert  pistollers.  Bill  Terry's  Jokes.  Street  Fakirs. 
Sam  Davis.  Piano  in  Camp. 

Ambrose  Bierce.  Satirical  and  grim  humor.  Classic  wit.  Lines  on  orator. 
Midwinter  Fair.  James  Cabell  Brown.  CALABAZAS.  Kate  Sanborn's  TRUTHFUL 
WOMAN  IN  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA.  Lecture  on  the  mountains.  THE  LARK.  A 
spontaneous  outburst  of  new,  free  wit.  Typical  of  the  freedom  of  California. 
Gelett  Burgess.  Bruce  Porter.  "Childe  Harold."  C.  K.  Field.  Paul  Shoup. 
Lionel  Josaphare  BUNGALOW  STORIES.  R.  J.  Burdette.  CHIMES  FROM  JESTER'S 
BELLS.  RISE  AND  FALL  OF  A  MOUSTACHE.  Kind  satire  and  exaggeration.  Father 
Wood's  Parodies  of  Heathen  Chinee.  Townsend's  CHIMMIE  FADDEN.  SAGE 
BRUSH  PARSON.  Alice  Ward  Bailey.  Fred  Emerson  Brooks.  Negro,  Dutch, 
Italian  dialects.  George  Bromley,  wit  of  the  Bohemian  Club.  Dr.  Behr's  Bohe- 


16  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

mian  witticisms.  Herbert  Bashford's  Nezvbrasky's  Fertile  Shore.  A.  J.  Water- 
house.  Frank  Seabright.  E.  A.  Brininstool.  Miriam  Michelson.  THE  MADI- 
GANS.  P.  V.  Mighels.  BRUVVER  JIM'S  BABY.  Short  Stories.  Amanda  Matthews' 
quaint  stories  of  Sonoratown.  Wallace  Irwin.  A  new  note.  LOVE  SONNETS  OF 
A  HOODLUM.  Hashimura  Togo. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  VIII. 

Bailey,  Alice  Ward,  SAGE  BRUSH  PARSON.  Bash  ford,  Herbert,  AT  THE  SHRINE 
OF  SONG.  Behr,  H.  H.,  THE  HOOT  OF  THE  OWL.  Bierce,  Ambrose,  DOD  GRILE, 
BLACK  BEETLES  IN  AMBER,  SHAPES  OF  CLAY.  Brown,  James  Cabell,  CALABAZAS. 
Browne,  J.  Ross,  THE  APACHE  COUNTRY,  etc.  Brooks,  Fred  Emerson,  OLD  ACE; 
PICKETT'S  CHARGE.  Bromley,  George,  THE  LONG  AGO  AND  THE  LATER  ON.  Bur 
gess,  Gelett,  THE  LARK,  Vols.  1  and  2.  Derby,  G.  H.,  PHOENIXIANA,  and  the 
SQUIBOB  PAPERS.  Harte,  Bret,  COLLECTED  WORKS.  Hart,  Fred  H.,  SAZERAC  LYING 
CLUB.  Irwin,  Wallace,  LOVE  SONNETS  OF  A  HOODLUM;  AT  THE  SIGN  OF  THE  DOL 
LAR;  LETTERS  OF  A  JAPANESE  SCHOOLBOY.  Keyes,  E.  D.,  (on  George  H.  Derby,) 
FIFTY  YEARS'  OBSERVATION  (pp.  198-9.)  Mathews,  Amanda,  HIEROGLYPHICS  OF 
LOVE.  Michelson,  Miriam,  THE  MADIGANS,  etc.  Mighels,  Phillip  Verril,  BRUVVER 
JIM'S  BABY,  etc.  Sanborn,  Kate,  A  TRUTHFUL  WOMAN  IN  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA. 
Stoddard,  C.  W.,  see  list  under  Lecture  VI.  Townsend,  C.  H.,  CHIMMIE  FADDEN. 
Twain,  Mark  (Samuel  L.  Clemens),  JUMPING  FROG  AND  OTHER  SKETCHES;  INNO 
CENTS  AT  HOME,  INNOCENTS  ABROAD,  etc.  Waterhouse,  A.  J.,  SOME  HOMELY 
SONGS;  LAYS  FOR  LITTLE  CHAPS.  Wright,  William,  THE  BIG  BONANZA.  Woods, 
Henry,  LUDI  IGNATIANI. 

&     £     <£ 

LECTURE  IX. 

AMBROSE  BIERCE,  THE  LAST  OF  THE  SATIRISTS,  AND  His  Two 
PUPILS:  GEORGE  STERLING  AND  HERMAN  SCHEFFAUER. 

The  place  of  satire  in  literature.  Lucilius.  Lucian.  Juvenal.  Rabelais.  Dante. 
Vauquelin,  the  father  of  modern  French  satire.  Butler's  HUDIBRAS.  Byron.  Hood. 
Thackeray.  Carlyle.  Lowell.  Bierce's  grim  humor.  Horrible  imagination.  Ir 
reverence.  Fearlessness.  Attacks  on  mediocrity.  Feared  and  dreaded.  Soldier 
in  War  of  Rebellion.  Experiences  in  England.  NUGGETS  AND  DUST.  FANTASTIC 
FABLES.  Editing  English  paper.  San  Francisco.  BLACK  BEETLES  IN  AMBER. 
Bierce's  explanation.  A  writer  of  satire,  the  object  a  matter  of  indifference.  At 
tacks  on  DeYoung.  Sarcasm  at  Stoneman's  Thanksgiving  Proclamation.  SHAPES 
OF  CLAY.  Cover  design.  Wonder  and  the  Devil.  Art.  MONK  AND  HANGMAN'S 
DAUGHTER.  Schuete  edition,  1892.  Rap  at  Danzizer  in  1907  edition.  CAN  THESE 
THINGS  BE?  IN  THE  MIDST  OF  LIFE.  Wierd,  horrible.  Surpass  Poe  in  unnatural- 
ness  and  horror. 

Bierce's  other  side.  His  ode  to  liberty.  Defense  of  soldiers  of  South  (to  E.  S. 
Solomon.)  Fight  against  Huntington's  Funding  Bill.  Tenderness.  A  Baby 
Tramp. 

Dedication  of  SHAPES  OF  CLAY  to  Sterling  and  Scheffauer.  George  Sterling. 
Oakland  Life.  Early  training.  Tendencies  to  Socialism.  Bierce's  influence. 
Testimony  of  the  Suns.  Naturalness  of  this  diction.  Home  at  Carmel.  Sire 
at  Bohemian  Jinks.  The  Triumph  of  Bohemia,  1907.  WINE  OF  WIZARDY.  Great 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  ]  7 

controversy.  Beirce's  estimate.  What  constitutes  poetry.  Monahan's  fun.  To 
Bierce.  "The  man  I  might  have  been."  Poems  on  Oblivion.  Back  to  humanity. 
Night  in  Heaven. 

Herman  Scheffauer.  Schoolboy's  letter  to  the  satirist.  Reply.  Meeting.  Bo 
hemia.  Helpfulness.  Work  in  England.  Reviews,  etc.,  LOOMS  OF  LIFE.  Proem- 
Man  and  Woman.  Stalactite  and  Stalagmite.  Ballad.  Louis  Robertson  Bohe 
mian  drama,  THE  SONS  OF  BALDUR,  1908.  Niagara. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  IX. 

Bierce,  Ambrose,  COLLECTED  WORKS,  also  earlier  editions ;  Prattle,  in  San  Fran 
cisco  Examiner.  Scheffauer,  Herman,  LOOMS  OF  LIFE;  THE  SONS  OF  BALDUR. 
Sterling,  George,  THE  TESTIMONY  OF  THE  SUNS;  THE  WINE  OF  WIZARDRY. 

For  a  right  understanding  of  the  place  of  satire  in  literature,  read  James 
Hannay's  SATIRE  AND  SATIRISTS,  and  consult  Poole's  Index  for  magazine  articles 
on  the  subject. 

J«      £      £ 

LECTURE  X. 
EDWIN  MARKHAM,  "THE  POET  OF  HUMANITY." 

Early  life.  Oregon.  Mendocino  County.  Mendocino  Memory.  Three  books, 
Bible,  Shakespeare,  Bunyan.  Directness  of  thought.  Benefit  of  no  early  school 
ing.  No  conventional  way  of  viewing  life.  Sees  men  and  things  as  they  are. 
Blacksmith.  Normal  school  at  San  Jose.  Influence  of  T.  L.  Harris.  High  school, 
Oakland.  Poems  in  Overland,  etc.  THE  MAN  WITH  THE  HoE.  Bierce's  praise 
and  attacks.  Misapprehensions.  Replies.  Huntington's  offer  in  New  York  Sun. 
Cheney's  prize  poem.  Goodcell's  MAN  WITH  THE  SPADE.  D.  F.  Leary's  TOIL. 
All  based  on  error.  No  rebuke  to  toil.  The  denunciation  is  against  those  who 
grind  the  face  of  the  toiler.  There  must  be  "dreams"  accompanying  it.  Mark- 
ham's  brochure.  Dedicated  to  Bailey  Millard — the  first  of  men  to  welcome  and 
to  speed  the  "Man  With  the  Hoe."  First  read  at  Ruskin  Club  dinner,  Oakland. 
Then  to  Bailey  Millard  at  Carol  Carrington's.  San  Francisco  Examiner.  Five 
years  worth  $10.  Now  $100.  First  edition  autographed  sold  $75.  How  he  came 
to  write  the  poem.  Hard  worker  on  ranch.  Death-clutch  when  crops  fail.  Why? 
A  type  of  industrial  oppression  in  all  lands.  Degradation  of  joyless  labor.  Sweat 
shops.  Child  factories.  The  savage  of  civilization.  Millet's  explanation  of  his 
picture.  Carlyle's  words.  Ruskin.  Not  poverty  but  the  soul-poverty  of  the  hope 
less,  bent  drudges  of  factory,  sweat-shop  and  mine.  He  is  a  man  dead  to  aspira 
tion  and  ideal.  Difference  between  drudgery  and  labor.  Fight  for  industrial  free 
dom.  Real  brotherhood  of  man.  London  Express.  Poem  on  Boer  War.  Peace 
over  Africa.  $500.  LINCOLN  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  Joy  of  the  Hills;  Kyka;  "In 
asmuch" ;  Virgilia;  The  Homing  Heart;  The  Chant  of  the  Vultures.  Home  at 
Westerleigh.  Books  galore.  Friendship  with  Maxim.  Humor.  Mrs.  Markham. 
Virgil.  Fight  for  children.  A  true  a"d  great  poet. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  X. 

Markham,  Edwin,  THE  MAN  WITH  THE  HoE;  LINCOLN;  articles  in  Cosmo 
politan  on  Child  Labor;  see  Poole's  Index  for  poems  and  articles  in  magazines 
by  Markham,  and  for  criticisms  and  reviews  of  his  work.  Cheney,  John  Vance, 
REPLY  TO  THE  MAN  WITH  THE  HOE.  Goodcell,  Henry,  THE  MAN  WITH  THE 
SPADE.  Leary,  Daniel  Florence,  TOIL. 


18  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 


LECTURE  XL 

THE  NATURE  WRITERS. 

California  a  paradise  for  Nature  writers.  Parallel  to  Greece.  Climate.  Great 
mountain  ranges.  Ocean.  Canyons.  Forests.  Deserts.  Altitudes  of  high  and 
low ;  snow  and  blossom.  Flowers,  birds,  etc.  California  should  be  fruitful  in 
Nature  writers.  Influence  of  Isaak  Walton,  Gilbert  White,  Thoreau,  Burroughs. 
Surpassing  conditions  and  environment  should  produce  surpassing  results. 
HUTCHINGS'  MAGAZINE.  HEART  OF  THE  SIERRAS.  His  home  in  Yosemite.  Emer 
son.  Tragic  death.  James  Capen  Adams.  Grizzly  bear  hunter.  Taming  of  Ben 
jamin  Franklin  and  Lady  Washington.  W.  C.  Bartlett,  BREEZE  FROM  THE  WOODS. 
First  article  in  Overland.  Two  editions  published.  Classic.  Quaint  humor.  Care 
ful  observation.  Quotableness.  Art  of  forgetfulness.  Dog  and  nature  healing. 
Songs  of  the  Woods.  Clarence  King  and  the  Geological  Survey.  Botany  and 
geology  of  California.  MOUNTAINEERING  IN  THE  SIERRA  NEVADA.  Pure  litera 
ture.  Enshrinement  of  California  spirit.  Gertrude  Atherton's  comment  on  book. 
Cotter's  and  King's  ascent  and  descent  of  Mt.  Tyndall.  Desert  mirage.  Joseph 
Le  Conte.  Beloved.  Ramblings  in  Yosemite.  Trip  in  Warner  Spur  of  Sierras. 
Diary  of  trip.  John  Muir.  Mrs.  Carr.  Early  life.  Father.  Baker's  account  in 
Outlook.  Inventive  genius.  Study  in  early  morning.  University  of  Wisconsin. 
Professor  and  Mrs.  Carr.  Eye  injured.  Ramble  through  south.  To  California. 
Yosemite.  Letter  in  Craftsman.  Study  in  mountains.  Glaciers.  Alaska. 
STICKEEN.  Offer  of  professorship.  Refusal.  MOUNTAINS  OF  CALIFORNIA.  OUR 
NATIONAL  PARKS.  Harriman's  ALASKA  EXPEDITION.  Sunflowers.  Ouzel.  Doug 
las  squirrel.  Storm  in  mountains.  Climbing  tree.  Autobiography.  Sierra  Club 
outings.  T.  S.  Van  Dyke.  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA.  MILLIONAIRES  OF  A  DAY. 
FLIRTATION  CAMP.  Procession  of  flowers.  Wind  currents.  Charles  Keeler. 
BIRD  NOTES  AFIELD.  COLORS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  LAND  BIRDS.  Poet,  scientist 
and  lecturer.  Mrs.  Keeler's  sketches.  Charles  Frederick  Holder.  Sportsman. 
Editor  California  Magazine.  LIFE  OF  DARWEN.  TORQUA.  Great  fisherman  Tuna 
Club,  Avalon.  Big  game.  Master  of  hounds.  Coaching.  Stanton  Davis  Kirk- 
ham.  Companionship  of  woods  and  trees.  IN  THE  OPEN.  Exquisite  stories  of 
birds,  trees,  Nature.  Elizabeth  and  Joseph  Grinnell.  Beautiful  relationship  in 
study.  Humming  birds.  Jays.  Road-runner.  Joseph  now  at  Berkeley.  With 
Harriman  expedition.  BIRDS  OF  SONG  AND  STORY.  Olive  Thorne  Miller.  Life 
student  of  birds.  Many  books.  Now  living  in  Los  Angeles.  Mrs.  Harriet  Myers. 
Studies.  Florence  A.  Merriam.  A-BiRDiNG  ON  A  BRONCO.  The  lure  of  the  Des 
ert.  Five  writers  issue  books  almost  simultaneously.  Mary  Austin,  John  C.  Van 
Dyke.  George  Wharton  James,  Arthur  C.  Burdick,  Idah  Meacham  Strobridge. 
Earthquake  literature.  E.  S.  Holden.  H.  W.  Fairbanks.  D.  Starr  Jordan.  J.  C. 
Branner.  Jordan's  CALIFORNIA  AND  CALIFORNIANS.  ALPS  OF  THE  KING-KERN  DI 
VIDE.  JOSIAH  KEEP'S  PACIFIC  COAST  SHELLS.  Mary  Parson's  WILD  FLOWERS  OF 
CALIFORNIA.  Belle  Sumner  Angier's  GARDEN  BOOK  OF  CALIFORNIA.  Grace  Seton 
Thompson.  A  WOMAN  TENDERFOOT.  Philip  Verrill  Mighels.  CHATWIT.  Luther 
Burbank's  great  work  for  humanity.  Harwood's  STORY  OF  BURBANK.  E.  J.  Wick- 
son,  Scientific  literature.  Burton's  book.  A  strong  climax  in  Stewart  Edward 
White.  Grandeur  of  mountains.  SILENT  PLACES,  THE  FOREST,  etc.  A  master  of 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  19 

vivid,  virile  prose.  Exquisite  descriptions.  Many  magazine  articles  by  various  au 
thors.  Chief  among  these  Ninetta  Eames.  Shasta.  Hop  fields.  Redwoods,  etc. 
Books  on  adjacent  country,  by  California  authors.  Similarity.  Nevada.  Ari 
zona.  Mexico,  etc.  SAGE  BRUSH  PARSON.  The  Sage  Brush  School  of  Western 
writers.  Charles  F.  Lummis.  STRANGE  CORNERS  OF  OUR  COUNTRY.  LAND  OF 
Poco  TIEMPO.  AWAKENING  OF  A  NATION.  TRAMP  ACROSS  THE  CONTINENT,  etc. 
Contain  much  of  ethnologic  and  antiquarian  interest.  Editor  OUT  WEST.  Right 
Hand  of  the  Continent.  Librarian  Los  Angeles.  J.  A.  Munk's  ARIZONA  SKETCHES. 
George  Wharton  James.  GRAND  CANYON  OF  ARIZONA.  INDIANS  OF  PAINTED  DES 
ERT  REGION.  Studies  of  Indians.  STORY  OF  SCRAGGLES. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  XL 

Angier,  Belle  Sumner,  GARDEN  BOOK  OF  CALIFORNIA.  Austin,  Mary,  LAND  or 
LITTLE  RAIN;  THE  BASKET  WOMAN;  THE  FLOCK.  Bartlett,  W.  C.,  BREEZE  FROM 
THE  WOODS.  Burbank,  Luther,  THE  CULTIVATION  OF  THE  HUMAN  PLANT.  Bur- 
dick,  A.  J.,  THE  MYSTIC  MID-REGION.  Burton,  G.  W.,  CALIFORNIA'S  SUNLIT  SKIES 
OF  GLORY.  Grinell,  Elizabeth  and  Joseph,  OUR  FEATHERED  FRIENDS;  BIRDS  OF  SONG 
AND  STORY;  many  magazine  articles.  Harwood,  W.  S.,  NEW  CREATIONS  IN  PLANT 
LIFE  (story  of  Burbank's  work.)  Hittell,  T.  H.,  JAMES  CAPEN  ADAMS,  GRIZZLY 
BEAR  HUNTER.  Holden,  E.  S.,  EARTHQUAKES  OF  CALIFORNIA.  Holder,  Charles 
Frederick,  LIFE  OF  DARWIN;  TORQUA;  LOG  OF  AN  ANGLER;  BIG  GAME  AT  SEA;  LIFE 
IN  THE  OPEN,  OR  SPORT  WITH  ROD,  GUN,  HORSE  AND  HOUND  IN  SOUTHERN  CALI 
FORNIA;  five  volumes  also  of  the  ILLUSTRATED  CALIFORNIA  MAGAZINE.  Hutchings, 
J.  M.,  HUTCHINGS'  MAGAZINE;  IN  THE  HEART  OF  THE  SIERRAS;  GUIDE  TO  Yo- 
SEMITE.  James,  George  Wharton,  IN  AND  AROUND  THE  GRAND  CANYON;  INDIANS 
OF  THE  PAINTED  DESERT  REGION;  THE  WONDERS  OF  THE  COLORADO  DESERT: 
THROUGH  RAMONA'S  COUNTRY;  IN  AND  OUT  OF  THE  OLD  MISSIONS;  THE  STORY 
OF  SCRAGGLES.  Jordan,  David  Starr,  CALIFORNIA  AND  CALIFORNIANS  ;  THE  ALPS 
OF  THE  KING-KERN  DIVIDE;  (With  J.  C.  Branner,  C.  Derleth,  Jr.,  G.  K.  Gilbert,  S. 
Taber,  F.  Omori,  H.  W.  Fairbanks,  and  Mary  Austin)  THE  CALIFORNIA  EARTH 
QUAKE  OF  1906.  Keeler,  Charles,  BIRD  NOTES  AFIELD;  EVOLUTION  OF  COLORS  OF 
NORTH  AMERICAN  LAND  BIRDS;  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA.  Keep,  Josiah,  PACIFIC 
COAST  SHELLS.  Kirkham,  Stanton  Davis,  IN  THE  OPEN;  WHERE  DWELLS  THE 
SOUL  SERENE;  THE  MINISTRY  OF  BEAUTY.  King,  Clarence,  MOUNTAINEERING  IN 
THE  SIERRA  NEVADA.  LeConte,  Joseph,  RAMBLINGS  IN  THE  YOSEMITE;  EVOLUTION 
IN  RELATION  TO  RELIGIOUS  THOUGHT;  ELEMENTS  OF  GEOLOGY.  Lummis,  C.  F., 
STRANGE  CORNERS  OF  OUR  COUNTRY;  LAND  OF  Poco  TIEMPO;  TRAMP  ACROSS  THE 
CONTINENT;  A  NEW  MEXICO  DAVID;  THE  AWAKENING  OF  A  NATION;  THE  EN 
CHANTED  BURRO;  THE  GOLD-FISH  OF  GRAN  CHIMU;  editor  OUT  WEST;  many  ar 
ticles  (see  Poole's  Index.)  Merriam,  Florence  A,,  A-BiRDiNG  ON  A  BRONCO. 
Mighels,  Philip  Verrill,  CHATWIT,  THE  MAN-TALK  BIRD.  Miller.  Olive  Thorne 
(Harriet  Mann),  a  long  list  of  books  on  birds,  published  by  Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co.,  written,  however,  before  taking  up  residence  in  California.  Muir,  John, 
MOUNTAINS  OF  CALIFORNIA;  OUR  NATIONAL  PARKS;  STICKEEN;  HARRIMAN'S  ALAS 
KA  EXPEDITION.  Also  many  magazine  articles  by  Muir;  (see  Poole's  Index)  ;  also 
articles  about  him,  especially  H.  M.  Bland  in  OVERLAND;  R.  Stannard  Baker  in 
OUTLOOK,  and  George  Wharton  James  in  CRAFTSMAN.  Munk,  J.  A.,  ARIZONA 
SKETCHES.  Parsons,  Mary  E.,  WILD  FLOWERS  OF  CALIFORNIA.  Seton-Thompson, 
Grace  Gallatin,  A  WOMAN  TENDERFOOT.  Strobridge,  Idah  Meacham,  IN  MINER'S 
MIRAGE-LAND  ;  THE  LOOM  OF  THE  DESERT;  THE  LAND  OF  PURPLE  SHADOWS.  Van 


20  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

Dyke,  T.  S.,  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA;  MILLIONAIRES  OF  A  DAY;  FLIRTATION  CAMP. 
Van  Dyke,  John  C.,  THE  DESERT.  Wickson,  E.  J.,  several  books  on  Fruit  Culture 
and  many  magazine  articles;  also  editor  PACIFIC  RURAL  PRESS.  White,  Stewart 
Edward,  THE  BLAZED  TRAIL;  THE  SILENT  PLACES;  THE  FOREST;  THE  MOUNTAINS; 
THE  WESTERNERS. 

j*    <£    £ 

LECTURE  XII. 
A  CYCLE  OF  EARLY  VERSE. 

It  is  impossible  in  a  single  lecture  to  make  extensive  biographical  and  critical 
references  to  the  work  of  any  one  poet,  or  to  read  many  selections.  In  these  out 
lines,  therefore,  I  have  suggested  readings,  from  which  selections  will  be  made  for 
each  lecture. 

One  hundred  and  twenty-eight  volumes  of  California  song  on  table  as  I  write. 
Many  good  songs.  Disposed  of  Harte,  Miller,  Stoddard,  Coolbrith,  Markham, 
Bierce,  Sterling,  Scheffauer.  Cursory  survey.  Almost  arbitrary  division  into  four 
sections  and  give  lecture  to  each.  I — Early  verse.  II — The  San  Jose  School.  Ill — 
Religious  verse.  IV — Later  verse. 

I. — Early  verse.  Earliest  songs  of  the  pioneers.  PEET'S  SONGSTERS.  1855. 
Rude  songs  of  the  miners.  Good  idea  of  mines  in  early  days.  Bartholomew  Dow- 
ling.  Born  Listowel,  County  Kerry,  Ireland.  California  in  1852.  Editor  San  Fran 
cisco  Monitor  1858.  Died  San  Francisco,  November  20,  1863.  Crowley  gathered 
forty  songs  in  his  IRISH  POETS.  Death  Song  of  Viking.  Brigade  at  Fontenoy. 
Hurrah  for  the  Next  That  Dies.  Relief  of  Lucknow.  James  Linen.  Scotchman.  Came 
early  to  San  Francisco.  Contributor  to  Harper's.  Poems  issued  New  York,  1852. 
Second  edition  in  1866.  California  poems  in  this.  Died  N.  Y.  about  1870.  Scotch 
poems.  /  Feel  I'm  Growing  Auld,  Gude-wife.  Imitation  of  Hiawatha.  Masonic 
Funeral.  Edward  Pollock.  Born  September  2,  1823.  No  schooling,  self-taught. 
California  in  1852.  Sign  painter.  The  Falcon  appeared  in  1854  in  THE  PIONEER. 
In  1855  studied  law.  1856  admitted.  Died  September  13,  1858.  Ode  to  Califor 
nia.  Evening.  Gold  is  King.  John  Rollin  Ridge.  Son  of  Cherokee  chief  and 
educated  woman  of  Connecticut.  Born  March  19,  1827.  Wife  saw  father  mur 
dered.  Came  East  and  son  educated.  In  1850  in  California  with  wife  and  infant 
daughter.  POEMS  issued  by  his  wife  in  1868.  Mt.  Shasta.  Humboldt  River.  Thin 
precious  volume  dated  1866.  POEMS.  Sarah  Carmichael.  Mormon  girl.  Officers 
of  Fort  Connor.  President  Lincoln's  Funeral.  Passionate  ardor  of  patriotism. 
California.  Stolen  Sunbeam.  Garbled  version  in  BRYANT'S  LIBRARY  OF  POETRY 
AND  SONG,  called  The  Origin  of  Gold.  Tragic  story.  Married  Capt.  Williamson. 
Died  in  Los  Angeles.  Charles  Warren  Stoddard.  POEMS.  Keith's  drawings.  Miss 
M.  V.  Tingley  (now  Mrs.  Lawrence's)  selections  taken  by  Bret  Harte — OUTCROP- 
PINGS,  1866.  Names,  some  known,  others  forgotten.  Jealousy  aroused.  POETRY  OF 
THE  PACIFIC,  1867.  May  Wentworth.  Long  list  of  names.  %>me  good  poetry. 
Some  distinctively  Western.  Baker's  The  Wave.  Flag  On  Fwe.  Ridge's  Hum 
boldt  Desert.  Miss  Wentworth's  Children's  Stories.  Sam  W.  Smith's  GEMS  FROM 
THE  TAILINGS.  Attempt  to  ape  Bret  Harte  in  style.  "Sluice  Club."  Useful  for 
giving  pictures  of  mining-camp  life.  Last  poem  good.  CURLEY  DAN.  George 
Homer  Meyer.  Lad  of  20.  Native  son.  Book  of  great  promise."  Russian  River 
Legend.  Legend  of  Santa  Rosa.  Humor.  Fishing.  Playing  Chess.  Grape  Gath 
erers.  Pretty  lullaby.  First  volume  poems  of  Native  Son.  Edward  Rowland  Sill. 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  21 

Born  Windsor,  Conn.,  1841.  Yale  1861.  California  in  business.  -  Back  East.  THE 
HERMITAGE  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  Teacher  in  Ohio.  Returned  to  California  in  1871. 
Teacher  Oakland  high  school.  In  1874  chair  of  English  Literature  in  University. 
In  1883  left.  THE  VENUS  OF  MILO.  Died  Cuyahoga  Falls,  Ohio,  February  27,  1887. 
Christmas  in  California.  Among  the  Redwoods.  The  Fool's  Prayer.  Perhaps  the 
purest  lyric  poet  California  has  had.  Careful  worker.  Too  academic.  Now  and 
again  great  strength  as  in  Fool's  Prayer,  "Words,  Words,  Words,"  and  The  Re 
former.  Sill's  HERMITAGE  full  of  San  Francisco  atmosphere.  Comptroller  Nye 
long  preparing  California  poetic  Anthology.  His  estimate  of  Sill.  Volume  pub 
lished  here  at  his  death.  Richard  Realf.  Another  giant  of  a  different  type.  Ro 
mantic  history.  Born  Framfield,  Sussex,  England,  June  14,  1834.  Writer  at  15. 
Petted  by  nobility.  Lady  Byron  sent  him  to  her  nephew  in  Leicester.  Scandal. 
Dementia.  United  States  April,  1855.  Reformer.  Taught  at  Five  Points.  1856 
went  to  Kansas  to  help  free  the  slave.  John  Brown.  Wrote  lyrics  for  freedom. 
Selected  as  Secretary  of  State  for  Brown's  new  state.  England.  New  Orleans. 
Catholic.  Accused  by  Redpath  of  being  a  traitor  to  Brown.  Not  true.  Appeared 
before  Congressional  Committee.  Shaker.  Lecturing.  Volunteered.  Civil  War. 
Marital  woes.  Helped  Francis  Murphy  1869.  Pittsburg.  On  staff  of  COMMER 
CIAL.  Divorced  1872.  Decree  reversed.  1876  came  to  San  .Francisco.  Back  to 
New  York.  Again  to  San  Francisco  in  1878.  Suicided  in  Oakland,  October  2fc, 
1878.  Buried  Lone  Mountain.  Symbolisms.  Indirection.  Father-love.  La*(  Poemf 
written  on  night  of  his  suicide.  Great  songs  of  Liberty  and  Patriotism.  Frances 
Fuller  Victor.  Poet  of  the  earlier  class.  Border  stores.  Lines  to  a  Lump  of 
Virgin  Gold.  Nevada.  Work  for  Bancroft.  History  of  Oregon.  B.'s  tribute  to 
her  ability.  Later  years.  Poverty.  Last  volume  in  1900.  Lizzie  F.  Baldy,  CALI 
FORNIA  PIONEF.R.  A  few  interesting  pictures.  Los  Angeles.  Daniel  O'Connell. 
Born  County  Clare,  1849.  California  in  1868.  Professor  in  Santa  Clara  College, 
afterwards  St.  Ignatius.  Published  Lyrics  1881.  Camp  Indolence.  Trees.  Sing 
We  a  Ringing  Anthem.  Charles  Henry  Phelps.  Native  son.  Born  Stockton,  Jan 
uary  1,  1853.  Editor  THE  CAUFORNIAN.  (Three  CAUFORNIANS  :  I— Webb's,  1864- 
1867;  II— Somers's,  1880-1882;  III— Holder's  ILLUSTRATED  C,  1891-1893;  all  de 
funct.)  CALIFORNIA  VERSES,  1882.  California  Cradle  Song.  Yuma.  At  the  Sum 
mit.  Tenaya.  Albert  Kercheval.  DOLORES,  a  legend  of  Mission  San  Gabnel 
After  Longfellow.  Many  vTvicf  Jo^aH  ooems.  Mountains.  Desert,  Storms,  etc.  Dia 
lect  and  humorous.  Charge  of  the  Light  (Clad)  Brigade.  Mining  camp'  poems. 
Poems  by  his  daughter,  Rosalie.  Along  the  Shore.  Later  work.  James  Gowdy 
Clark.  Poet  and  singer  of  the  Civil  WTar.  Lived  his  last  days  in  Southern  Cali 
fornia.  Message  of  Mt.  Lowe.  Mocking  Bird  of  Saticoy.  The  City  of  the  Clouds. 
War  songs.  Songs  of  the  New  Time.  Swing  Inward,  O  Gates  of  the  Future.  W. 
Frank  Stewart.  PLEASANT  HOURS.  Crazy  Nell.  Temblor  Muy  Terrible.  The 
Great  Trees  of  California.  Mary  Lambert.  RHYMING  OAK  LEAVES,  1892.  Sonnet 
to  an  Oak.  A  Rich  Mans  Reverie.  Under  the  Mulberry  Tree.  Mrs.  M.  C.  F. 
Hall-\Vood.  SEA  LEAVES.  Nom  de  plume  Camilla  K.  von  K.  Strong  lines.  Pessi 
mism.  Christmas,  1883.  Editor  Santa  Barbara  Independent.  Aspiration.  Flora 
McDonald  Shearer.  California.  THE  LEGEND  OF  AULUS.  Unfortunate  death.  Ella 
Ferre  (Hannah  B.  Gage.)  THE  LAND  BY  THE  SUNSET  SEA.  Benjamin  F.  Taylor. 
Vivid  pictures  of  travel.  Descent  of  the  Sierras.  Ed.  Russell's  READINGS  FROM 
CALIFORNIA  POETS.  An  excellent  selection. 


22  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  XII. 

Baldy,  Lizzie  F.,  THE  CALIFORNIA  PIONEER  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  Carmichael, 
Sarah,"  POEMS.  Clark,  James  Gowdy,  POEMS  AND  SONGS.  Crowley,  D.  O.,  IRISH 
POETS  AND  NOVELISTS.  Ferre,  Ella,  (Hannah  B.  Gage),  THE  LAND  OF  THE  SUNSET 
SEA.  ^Harte,  Bret,  OUTCROPPINGS  OF  CALIFORNIA  VERSE.  Kercheval,  A.  F.  and 
Rosalie,  DOLORES  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  Lambert,  Mary,  RHYMING  OAK  LEAVES. 
Linen,  James,  POETICAL  AND  PROSE  WRITINGS.  Meyer,  George  Homer,  LAMARA 
AND  OTHER  POEMS.  O'Connell,  Daniel,  LYRICS,  POEMS.  Phelps,  Charles  Henry, 
CALIFORNIAN  VERSES.  Pollock,  Edward,  POEMS.  Realf,  Richard,  POEMS,  AND 
MEMOIR,  by  R.  J.  Hinton.  Ridge,  John  K.,  POEMS.  Russell,  Edmund,  READINGS 
FROM  CALIFORNIA  POETS.  Shearer,  Flora  Macdonald,  THE  LEGEND  OF  AULUS. 
Sill,  Edward  Roland,  POEMS.  Smith,  Sam  W.,  GEMS  FROM  THE  TAILINGS.  Stewart, 
W.  Frank,  PLEASANT  HOURS.  Stone,  John  A.,  PUT'S  ORIGINAL  CALIFORNIA  SONG 
STER;  PUT'S  GOLDEN  SONGSTER,  etc.  Taylor,  Benjamin  F.,  BETWEEN  THE  GATES. 
Victor,  Frances  Fuller,  THE  NEW  PENELOPE;  POEMS.  .Wentworth,  May,  POETRY 
OF  THE  PACIFIC;  THE  GOLDEN  DAWN.  Hall-Wood,  Mrs.  M.  C.  F.  (Camilla  K.  von 

K),  SEA  LEAVES. 

#     jt     jt      ^ 

LECTURE  XIII. 

THE  POETS  OF  SAN  JOSE. 

There  is  no  "school'*  of  poets  in  San  Jose.  But  many  poets.  Classed  to 
gether.  Wh^n  J.  J.  Owen  alive  and  editing  Mercury  there  came  to  him  a  young 
woman,  silent,  feeble,  ailing,  offered  him  poems.  Felt  their  power  and  worth. 
Position  on  staff.  Madge  Morris.  DEBRIS.  In  Nevada  nearly  thirty  years  ago. 
Put  Flowers  on  My  Grave.  Early  '50's  father  brought  her  to  California.  Visions 
of  San  Joaquin  Valley.  Desert  experiences.  To  the  Colorado  Desert.  Bierce's 
criticisms.  Replies.  Rocking  the  Baby.  Liberty  Bell.  Little  Brown  Bird.  Mar 
ried  Harr  Wagner,  March  30,  1886  Carrie  Stevens  Walter.  Santa  Clara  Valley. 
Many  California  poems.  Sunshine.  Shadow.  Tempest-tossed.  Title  of  book, 
ROSE  ASHES.  California.  Published  the  SANTA  CLARA  for  six  years.  Children. 
Night  at  New  Almaden.  Died  April  27,  1907.  Clarence  Urmy.  Constant,  faithful 
servant  of  the  muse.  Contributor  to  many  magazines,  East  and  West.  ROSARY 
OF  RHYME,  VINTAGE  OF  VERSE,  etc.  Nineteen  poems  on  California.  Morning  in 
the  Sierras.  Play  of  poetic  fancy.  Essentially  a  calm  lyricist.  Down  the  Lane. 
Tribute  to  Ina  Coolbrith.  |  Charles  Francis  Walsh.  San  Francisco.  Mission  Bells. 
Mission  Cross.  Strength,  vigor,  worship,  reverence.  Mrs.  Frances  L.  Mace.  Came 
here  from  East,  where  had  long  written  and  published.  Most  careful  worker. 
UNDER  PINE  AND  PALM.  Contains  her  California  songs.  Waiting,  Only  Waiting. 
Born  Orono,  Maine,  January  15,  1834.  Died  Los  Gatos,  July  20,  1899.  Her  scrap- 
books.  Writing  with  care.  Rejection.  Poem  on  Washington's  Birthday  dis 
missed  with  one  word,  "Highfalutin."  Edward  E.  Cothran.  Lawyer.  Editor 
Coronado  News.  Mt.  Blythe.  To  Jesus.  To  Blythe.  Salamander's  Song.  Poe 
like  stories.  Mrs.  Kate  B.  Cothran.  Poet  and  friend  of  poets.  Cosmic  song. 
Mary  H.  Field.  A  California  Year.  Interest  in  C.  L.  S.  C.  Mira  Abbott  Maclay. 
Literary  page  of  San  Jose  Mercury.  A  May  Day  Vision.  At  Christmastide — a 
rondeau  descriptive  of  the  Santa  Clara  Valley.  John  R.  Richards.  Influenced  by 
Sill.  IDYLLS  OF  MONTEREY  AND  OTHER  VERSES.  Legend  of  the  Cypress.  Story  of 
the  Pine.  John  G.  Jury.  Essay  on  The  Art  of  Poetry.  Lawyer.  Rather  acade- 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  23 

mic  than  powerful.  Lyric,  singing  quality.  Joy  is  Mine  Where  Muses  Throng. 
Two  Souls.  Henry  Meade  Bland.  Professor  English  Literature  State  Normal 
School.  Short-Story  Club.  Skyland.  The  Hills  of  Long  Ago.  Keep  A-Climbing. 
Simple,  sweet  songs.  The  Poet's  Wish.  Charles  D.  South.  Playwright  and  poet. 
Two  verses  for  California  to  add  to  National  Anthem.  Serra  Land.  Editor  San 
Francisco  SUNDAY  CALL.  Sister  Anna  Raphael  (in  Sacred  Songs.)  Sister  An 
thony.  Swing  Song.  Liberty.  Herbert  Bashford.  Strength  and  power.  Felt  the 
wilds.  Companioned  with  storms  at  sea.  WOLVES  OF  THE  SEA.  Song  of  Forest 
Ranger.  The  Arid  Lands.  Successful  playwriter  and  manager.  Defiance  of 
Doris,  etc.  TENTING  OF  THE  TiLUCUMS/Afodmi  Pagan.  To  Ina  Coolbrith.  Critical 
Essays. 

An  excellent  showing  for  one  city,  fully  exemplifying  Bayard  Taylor's  proph 
ecy  of  sixty  years  ago. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  XIII. 

Bashford,  Herbert,  SONGS  FROM  PUGET  SEA;  JTHE  WOLVES  OF  THE  SEA;  AT 
THE  SHRINE  OF  SONG;  TENTING  OF  THE  TILLICUMS;  various  magazines  (consult 
Poole's  Index.)  Cothran,  Edward  E.  and  Kate  Blythe,  various  magazines.  Jury, 
John  G.,  OMAR  AND  FITZGERALD^  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  Mace,  Frances  L.,  LEGENDS, 
LYRICS  AND  SONNETS;  UNDER  PALM  AND  PINE.  Richards,  J.  R.,  IDYLLS  OF  MONTE 
REY.  Urmy,  Clarence,  A  VINTAGE  OF  VERSE  and  later  volume  of  poems.  Wagner, 
Madge  Morris,  DEBRIS;  see  various  magazines.  Walter,  Carrie  Stevens,  ROSE 
ASHES;  THE  SANTA  CLARA  MAGAZINE. 

£      J8 

LECTURE  XIV. 
RELIGIOUS  VERSE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Much  scattered  through  various  books.  Some  writers  more  distinctively  re 
ligious.  One  of  the  earliest  of  these  Harriet  M.  Skidmore — "Marie."  BESIDE  THE 
WESTERN  SEA,  1877.  Opening  poem,  "To  the  Greater  Glory  of  God."  Several 
dramas.  The  Cross  and  the  Crescent  a  Drama  of  the  First  Crusade.  The  Siege 
of  Granada.  Church  legends.  The  Consecrated  Months.  Poetic  fancy.  Versa 
tility  in  description.  Devoted  daughter  of  the  Catholic  Church.  ROADSIDE  FLOW 
ERS,  1903.  Legends,  stories  and  songs.  Greater  variety.  King  Stephen's  Protege. 
Bartholomew  Dowling's  translation  of  Korner's  Battle-Hymn,  Father,  I  Call  to 
Thee.  Thomas  Lake  Harris.  Fountaingrove.  Many  songs  of  power.  Inspira 
tion  to  Brotherhood.  Called  a  mystic.  Poems  full  of  powerful  imagery-  Call 
to  truer  life.  Reign  of  Love.  THE  GREAT  REPUBLIC.  BATTLE  BELLS.  THE  TRI 
UMPH  OF  LIFE.  God  is  the  Fountain  of  Perpetual  Youth.  Harris's  influence.  Pro 
phetic  vision.  "With  song,  the  winged  gondolier,  I  ferry  o'er  the  floods  of  Time." 
Richard -Edward  White.  A  native  Calif  ornian.  Many  songs,  religious  and  other 
wise.  THE  CROSS  OF  MONTEREY.  The  Midnight  Mass.  The  Masterpiece  of  Bro 
ther  Felix.  Marcella  Agnes  Fitzgerald.  A  poetic  family.  The  enshrinement  of 
the  poetic  fancies  of  the  heart  resting  in  the  Home  and  the  Church.  Devoted  love 
to  California  and  its  shrines.  Homeward  Bound.  Legend  of  San  Miguel.  Stir 
ring  picture,  At  the  General  Rodeo.  Mossy  Woodland.  A  CHAPLET  OF  VERSE. 
Rev.  D.  O.  Crowley.  CHRISTMAS  MEMORIES.  Sister  Anna  Raphael.  Dirge  on 
Lincoln.  California's  Golden  Jubilee.  Hymns  and  songs.  A  Crown  of  Joy.  Sister 
Anthony.  Editor  Notre  Dame  Magazine.  A  Wish.  Ode  to  Music.  The  convent 


24  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

wall.  Two  worlds  apart.  Of  the  world,  yet  set  apart.  Magdalen.  A  monologue 
of  power.  The  Singer.  Songs  must  be  human  and  full  of  love.  Barabbas.  Mary 
Lambert's  RHYMING  OAK  LEAVES.  Give  Thy  Love  Now.  Adieu.  Mater  Dolorosa. 
Louis  Alexander  Robertson.  CLOISTRAL  STRAINS.  On  bed  of  pain  in  hospital. 
Antithesis  of  his  other  books.  The  Nazarene.  Rhyme  of  the  Redeemed.  Bes 
sie  Smith.  //  /  Should  Die  Tonight.  Early  influence  of  poem.  Annie  S.  Page 
AT  THE  GATES  OF  LIGHT.  Music.  The  Miracle  at  Cana.  The  Supper  at  Emmaus. 
William  Hartley  Holcomb.  OLD  MISSION  RHYMES.  An  endeavor  to  picture  their 
power  and  romance.  Legends  of  the  Church.  List  to  the  Bells.  THE  PLANTING  OF 
THE  CROSS,  by  Horace  M.  DuBose.  Wail  at  the  decay.  Strength  of  description. 
The  change  of  the  old  to  the  new.  Chester  Gore  Miller.  FATHER  JUNIPERO  SERRA 
Historical  drama.  Pretty  songs.  Bells  of  Carmelo.  Youthful  endeavor  of  prom- 
V.  J.  P.  Widney.  VIA  DOMINI.  Vox  Lamentationis.  He  Giveth  His  Beloved 
Sleep.  The  New  Song.  Dr.  Widney's  great  work  on  Ayrian  Race.  President 
University  of  Southern  California.  In  the  quiet  of  life's  close.  Charles  Francis 
Saunders.  IN  A  POPPY  GARDEN.  Short  songs  of  religious  thought.  Poetic  pray 
ers.  The  Road  to  the  Sea.  Santa  Humilitas. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  XIV. 

Crowley,  Rev.  D.  A.,  A  CHAPLET  OF  VERSE  BY  CALIF.  CATHOLIC  WRITERS.  DuBose, 
Horace  M.,  THE  PLANTING  OF  THE  CROSS.  Marcella  Agnes  Fitzgerald.  POEMS. 
Harris,  Thomas  Lake,  BATTLE  BELLS;  THE  GREAT  REPUBLIC;  THE  TRIUMPH  OF 
LIFE.  Holcomb,  William  Hartley,  OLD  MISSION  RHYMES.  Lambert,  Mary, 
RHYMING  OAK  LEAVES.  Miller,  Chester  Gore,  FATHER  JUNIPERO  SERRA.  An  his 
torical  drama.  Page,  Annie  S.,  AT  THE  GATES  OF  LIGHT,  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  Rob 
ertson,  Louis  Alexander,  CLOISTRAL  STRAINS.  Saunders,  Charles  Francis,  IN  A 
POPPY  GARDEN.  Skidmore,  Harriet  M.,  (Marie),  BESIDE  THE  WESTERN  SEA; 
ROADSIDE  FLOWERS.  White,  Richard  Edward,  THE  CROSS  OF  MONTEREY.  Widney, 
J.  P.,  VIA  DOMINI. 

*T     & 

LECTURE  XV. 

A  CYCLE  OF  LATER  CALIFORNIA  VERSE. 

High  hopes  of  many  poets.  Few  attain.  Few  live  beyond  their  own  genera 
tion.  Few  are  known  even  in  their  generation.  Yet  much  good  is  given  and 
in  good  form.  Evidences  of  the  uncontrollable  desire  of  the  human  soul  for  ar 
tistic  expression.  In  1894  Doxey  published  ROSES  AND  THISTLES,  by  Rufus  C. 
Hopkins.  Clever  Aztec  romance — Malinche.  The  Miser.  Humor.  Uncle  Sam 
uel's  Farm.  Venier  Voldo.  POEMS  FROM  THE  PACIFIC.  Let  us  be  conscious 
how  happy  we  are.  Hymn  to  the  Calm  Night.  Lucius  Harwood  Foote.  Natural 
versifier.  RED  LETTER  DAY,  1882.  Many  strong  and  vigorous  western  poems. 
Suiter's  Fort.  El  Vaquero.  On  the  Heights.  Roycroft,  1897.  Tent  Life.  A 
Monograph.  Daniel  S.  Richardson.  Contributor  Overland.  TRAIL  DUST,  1908. 
The  Promise  of  the  Sierra.  Panchita.  Dormer  Lake.  Now  Japanese  Consulate. 
Fred  Emerson  Brooks.  Lecturer,  reader,  great  success.  OLD  ACE  AND  OTHER 
POEMS  and  PICKETT'S  CHARGE.  Versatility,  vigor,  freshness,  pathos.  Dialect  po 
ems.  Humorous.  Louis  Alexander  Robertson.  My  first  visit,  San  Francisco, 
1908.  Life.  DEAD  CALYPSO.  Other  books.  Bohemian  Sire  of  High  Jinks.  En 
larged  to  play.  THROUGH  PAINTED  PANES,  1907.  Includes  many  of  the  others. 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  25 

Strength  of  Ataxia.  Changes.  Give  a  Beggar  a  Crust.  Nothing  distinctively  west 
ern  save  Resurgam  and  The  California  Redwoods.  Maurice  V.  Samuels.  Native 
son.  Plays.  THE  FLORENTINES,  1904.  Humorous.  Spirited.  Spontaneous.  Mar 
shall  Ilsley.  BY  THE  WESTERN  SEA.  An  Invitation.  The  Island  Fool.  A  Desert 
Junction.  Greville  D'Arville.  OMEGA  ET  ALPHA,  1899.  A  Remembrance.  Har 
vest.  Ode  to  Yosemite.  HATHOR,  by  Stanley  Coghill.  Halo  of  ancient  things. 
Quatrain,  p.  17.  Friend.  Ghosts.  Morning  in  Alaska.  The  Song  of  the  Purple 
Sea.  One  of  the  strongest  names — John  Vance  Cheney.  Librarian  of  San  Fran 
cisco.  Newberry,  now  San  Diego.  THISTLE  DRIFT,  1887.  Light  and  airy.  Title 
good.  THE  GOLDEN  GUESS,  1892.  Essays  on  Poetry  and  the  Poets.  NINETTE,  1894. 
POEMS,  1905.  Contributor  to  leading  magazines.  Lyric  quality.  Love  of  Out- 
Doors.  Compare  with  Miller  and  Markham.  Bailey  Millard.  Poet  and  friend  of 
poets.  Editor  San  Francisco  Examiner.  SONGS  OF  THE  PRESS,  1902.  The  Yo 
semite  Road.  John  Muir.  The  Crotalus.  The  Apache  in  Ambush.  DELPHINE, 
1901.  Simple  rhymes  of  L.  Adda  Nichols.  Lydia  F.  Angney.  CALIFORNIA,  1900. 
W.  D.  Crabb.  LYRICS  OF  THE  GOLDEN  WEST,  1898.  Rock  of  Monterey.  J.  Vinton 
Webster.  THE  HERMIT'S  HOME,  1903.  WORLD  OF  SONG,  1878.  Josephine  Walcott. 
"Cordelia  Havens."  Onward.  Santa  Barbara.  Edward  Robeson  Taylor.  Mayor- 
poet  of  San  Francisco.  MOODS  AND  OTHER  VERSES,  1899.  The  Sawmill.  SON 
NETS  FROM  THE  TROPHIES  OF  JOSE-MARIA  DE  HEREDIA,  1902.  Grace  and  power. 
Language  experts  say  with  fidelity.  Evening  of  Battle.  The  Conquerors.  The 
Century  Flower.  VISIONS,  1903.  The  Lark.  With  the  Eagle.  INTO  THE  LIGHT, 
1906.  Joseph  Le  Conte  at  Yosemite,  July  4-6,  1901.  William  Keith.  Bass.  Earth 
quake  and  fire  destroyed  this  edition.  SELECTED  POEMS,  1907.  Howard  V.  Suther 
land.  JACINTA,  1900.  Lines  to  California.  IDYLLS  OF  GREECE,  1908.  Sweet  singer. 
Love  of  the  West.  Lorenzo  Sosso.  High  ambitions.  Career.  IN  THE  REALMS 
OF  GOLD,  1902.  WISDOM  FOR  THE  WISE.  Introspective.  Little  knowledge  of  scenic 
environment.  Passionate  devotion  to  art.  Frances  M.  Milne.  Poet  of  the  new 
order.  Henry  George.  Tom  L.  Johnson.  The  Land  of  Bye  and  Bye.  Back  to 
the  Land.  Fannie  de  C.  Miller.  IN  THE  REDWOODS.  Emma  Dawson.  Weird.  Old 
Glory.  Decoration  Day.  Bierce's  praise.  Grace  Hibbard.  Prolific  pen.  Sweet 
and  simple  songs.  "Wee  Hoosie."  CALIFORNIA  POPPIES,  1893.  VIOLETS,  1902. 
WILD  ROSES,  1902.  FoRGET-ME-NoTS,  1907.  Yone  Noguchi.  J.  Miller's  "Hights." 
Tin-roofed  house  beside  his  own.  SEEN  AND  UNSEEN,  1896.  Befriended  by  G. 
Burgess  and  P.  Garnett.  Introduction  by  G.  B.  The  Brave  Upright  Rains.  The 
Shadow  of  the  Trees.  Not  "popular"  poetry.  Ralph  Irwin  Gibbs.  SONGS  OF  CON 
TENT,  1903.  Introduction  by  Charles  Mills  Gayley.  Bold  Blue  Jay.  Daybreak  in 
Sierra  Nevada.  A  singer  of  great  promise.  Untimely  end.  Lionel  Josaphare. 
Rising  star.  TURQUOISE  AND  IRON,  1902.  SOVEREIGN  IN  THE  STREET,  1907.  Poems 
of  democracy.  Strength.  Power.  Clear  insight.  One  of  the  Wicked.  The 
Hump-back,  Cripple,  and  One-Eyed  Man.  Lowell  Otus  Reese.  Fugitive  poems. 
The  Sand  Storm.  Passion  and  power.  One  of  California's  latest  singers  is  John 
McGroarty.  Editor  WEST  COAST  MAGAZINE.  Songs  of  California.  Devotion  to 
the  land.  Mrs.  Eliza  A.  Otis.  Voluminous  writer  on  Los  Angeles  Times.  Ordi 
nary  verse.  L.  E.  Mosher,  "Hank  Waggoner."  History.  Tragic  death.  Early 
lays  in  California.  THE  STRANDED  BUGLE.  Rose  Hartwick  Thorpe.  Curfew  Shall 
\Tot  Ring.  Many  other  and  temperance  poems. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  XV. 
Angney,   Lydia  F.,   CALIFORNIA  AND  OTHER   POEMS.     Brooks,   Fred  Emerson, 


26  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

OLD  ACE;  PICKETT'S  CHARGE  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  Crabb.  W.  D.,  LYRICS  OF  THE 
GOLDEN  WEST.  Cheney,  John  Vance,  THISTLE  DRIFT;  THE  GOLDEN  GUESS;  NAN 
ETTE;  POEMS.  Coghill,  Stanley,  HATHOR.  D'Arville,  Greville,  OMEGA  ET  ALPHA. 
Foote,  Lucius  Harwood,  A  RED  LETTER  DAY;  ON  THE  HEIGHTS.  Gibbs,  Ralph 
Erwin,  SONGS  OF  CONTENT  (with  introduction  by  Charles  Mills  Gayley.)  Hibbard, 
Grace,  WILD  POPPIES;  WILD  ROSES  OF  CALIFORNIA;  CALIFORNIA  VIOLETS;  FORGET- 
ME-NOTS  FROM  CALIFORNIA.  Hopkins,  Rufus  C.,  ROSES  AND  THISTLES.  Ilsley, 
Marshall,  BY  THE  WESTERN  SEA.  Josaphare,  Lionel,  TURQUOISE  AND  IRON;  THE 
SOVEREIGN  IN  THE  STREET  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  Milne,  Frances  Margaret,  FOR 
TODAY;  HELIOTROPE;  A  COTTAGE  GRAY.  Miller,  Fannie  de  C.,  IN  THE  REDWOODS. 
McGroarty,  John  S.,  JUST  CALIFORNIA  ;  WANDER  SONGS.  >  Millard,  Bailey,  SONGS  OF 
THE  PRESS.  Mosher,  L.  E.,  THE  STRANDED  BUGLE.  Noguchi,  Yone,  SEEN  AND 
UNSEEN.  Nichols,  L.  Adda,  DELPHINE  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  Otis,  Eliza  A.,  WHERE 
SETS  THE  SUN.  Robertson,  Louis  Alexander,  THE  DEAD  CALYPSO;  BEYOND  THE 
REQUIEMS;  CLOISTRAL  STRAINS;  FROM  CRYPT  AND  CHOIR;  THROUGH  PAINTED 
PANES.  Richardson,  Daniel  S.,  TRAIL  DUST.  See,  E.  Anna,  GOLDEN  HARP  STRAINS 
OF  CALIFORNIA.  Samuels,  Maurice  V.,  THE  FLORENTINES.  Sosso,  Lorenzo,  IN  THE 
REALMS  OF  GOLD;  POEMS  OF  HUMANITY;  WISDOM  FOR  THE  WISE.  Sutherland, 
Howard  V.,  JACINTA  AND  OTHER  VERSES;  IDYLLS  OF  GREECE.  Taylor,  Edward  Rob- 
eson,  SONNETS  FROM  THE  TROPHIES  OF  JOSE-MARIA  DE  HEREDIA;  MOODS  AND  OTHER 
VERSES;  VISIONS  AND  OTHER  VERSES;  INTO  THE  LIGHT;  SELECTED  POEMS.  Thorpe, 
Rose  Hartwick,  poems  in  various  magazines.  Voldo,  Venier,  POEMS  FROM  THE 
PACIFIC.  Walcott,  Josephine,  WORLD  OF  SONG.  Webster,  J.  Vinton,  THE  HER 
MIT'S  HOME. 


LECTURE  XVI. 

THE  HISTORY  WRITERS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Large  field.  Pioneer  and  individual  histories  all  of  importance.  Take  broader 
survey.  BANCROFT'S  HISTORY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  Volume  I,  gives  4000  titles  of  books 
on  California  History.  Chapter  II  of  this  volume  should  be  read  as  Introduction. 
Bancroft's  colossal  work.  (39  volumes.)  Native  Races  5.  Central  America  3. 
Mexico  6.  North  American  States  and  Texas  2.  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  1. 
California  7.  Nevada,  Colorado  and  Wyoming  1.  Utah  1.  North-west  Coast  2. 
Oregon  2.  Washington,  Idaho  and  Montana  1.  British  Columbia  1.  Alaska  1. 
California  Pastorals  1.  California  Inter  Pocula  1.  Popular  Tribunals  2.  Essays  1. 
Literary  Industries  1.  Method  of  work.  Criticisms.  Unique.  Typical  of  New 
West.  Monument  unequaled  of  enthusiasm,  business  skill,  common  sense,  literary 
power.  A  lesson  to  the  world.  Lesser  histories.  Accessible  and  important. 
DWINELLE'S  SAN  FRANCISCO.  Rare.  Used  in  legal  cases.  TUTHILL'S  HISTORY  OF 
CALIFORNIA,  1866.  GLEESON'S  CATHOLIC  CHURCH  IN  CALIFORNIA,  two  volumes,  1872. 
HITTELL,  T.  H.,  four  volumes  HISTORY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  1898.  Readable.  Useful. 
Enlargement  of  earlier  works.  Royce's  CALIFORNIA  in  the  "States"  series.  Bril 
liant.  Condensed.  Argumentative.  Charles  F.  Lummis  in  OUT  WEST.  The  Right 
Hand  of  the  Continent.  Brilliant.  Comprehensive.  Illustrated.  Lesser  Histories 
and  for  children.  Ella  Sexton's  STORIES  OF  CALIFORNIA,  1902.  Helen  Elliott  Ban- 
dini's  HISTORY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  1908.  CALIFORNIA  HERO  BOOK.  County  histories. 
Commercial.  Historical  introductions.  Many  useful  and  helpful.  Local  Histories. 
HALL'S  SAN  JOSE,  WILLARD'S  Los  ANGELES,  and  Los  ANGELES  CHAMBER  OF  COM- 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  27 

MERGE.  Types  of  earlier  and  later  styles.  SMYTHE'S  SAN  DIEGO.  Two  volumes, 
1908.  Personal  biographies  of  pioneers.  See  Pioneer  Literature.  Valuable  but 
variable.  McGlashan's  DONNER  PARTY.  STORY  OF  VIRGINIA  REED  MURPHY.  Cen 
tury  articles.  Records  of  Pioneer  Societies.  Historical  Society  of  Southern  Cali 
fornia.  TRANSLATIONS.  Special  phases  of  history.  Pious  Fund.  J.  T.  Doyle. 
U.  S.  Government  Report  of  Hague  Case.  The  San  Francisco  earthquake.  Pres 
ident  Jordan's  book.  Henry  Morse  Stephen's  work.  The  Missions.  Fr.  Zephy- 
rin's  FRANCISCANS  IN  CALIFORNIA.  Hudson's  CALIFORNIA  MISSIONS,  1901.  Inter 
esting  and  sketchy.  Carter's  MISSIONS  OF  NUEVA  CALIFORNIA,  1900.  Personal  vis 
itations.  Bryan  J.  Clinch's  CALIFORNIA  AND  ITS  MISSIONS,  two  vols.,  1904.  Lower 
California.  Fullest  and  clearest.  Relationship  between  the  two  sections.  IN  AND 
OUT  OF  THE  OLD  MISSIONS,  1906.  George  Wharton  James.  Popular  account.  De 
tails  of  architecture,  furniture,  silverware,  etc.  Fr.  Zephyrin's  3  volumes  MISSION 
ARIES  AND  MISSIONS.  Latest  and  best.  Franciscan  historian.  Church  standpoint. 
The  benefits  to  the  young  of  California  from  a  study  of  its  unique  history.  In 
spired  with  spirit  of  its  founders.  Work  out  its  great  destiny. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  XVI. 

Bancroft,  Hubert  Howe,  HISTORY  OF  CALIFORNIA  and  COMPLETE  WORKS,  39 
volumes.  Bandini,  Helen  Elliott,  HISTORY  OF  CALIFORNIA.  Carter,  C.  F.,  MISSIONS 
OF  NUEVA  CALIFORNIA.  Clinch,  Bryan  J.,  CALIFORNIA  AND  ITS  MISSIONS,  2  vol 
umes.  Dwinelle,  J.  W.,  COLONIAL  HISTORY  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO.  Doyle,  John  T., 
HISTORY  OF  THE  Pious  FUND.  Gleeson,  William,  HISTORY  OF  THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH 
IN  CALIFORNIA,  2  volumes.  Hittell,  T.  H.,  HISTORY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  4  volumes. 
Hudson,  W.  H.,  THE  FAMOUS  MISSIONS  OF  CALIFORNIA.  James,  George  Wharton, 
IN  AND  OUT  OF  THE  OLD  MISSIONS  ;  CALIFORNIA  HERO  BOOK.  Lummis,  Charles  F., 
OUT  WEST  (series  of  articles  on:  The  Right  Hand  of  the  Continent.)  Smythe, 
Wm.  E.,  HISTORY  OF  SAN  DIEGO,  2  volumes.  Tuthill,  Franklin,  HISTORY  OF  CALI 
FORNIA.  Willard,  Charles  Dwight,  HISTORY  OF  Los  ANGELES;  HISTORY  OF  Los  AN 
GELES  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE.  Zephyrin,  Fr.,  FRANCISCANS  IN  CALIFORNIA;  MIS 
SIONARIES  AND  MISSIONS  OF  CALIFORNIA,  3  volumes.  Also  the  histories  of  the  va 
rious  Counties  of  the  State  and  the  proceedings  of  the  Historical  Societies. 


LECTURE  XVII. 
SOME  CALIFORNIA  NOVELISTS. 

Camp  life  of  pioneers  conducive  to  story  telling.  They  themselves  making 
romance.  Short  stories  in  great  number.  Novels  came  more  slowly.  Mark  Twain 
(Samuel  Clemens),  in  early  Nevada  days  laying  up  material  for  ROUGHING  IT. 
Joaquin  Miller's  LIFE  AMONG  THE  MODOCS;  FIRST  FAMILIES  OF  THE  SIERRAS.  Bret 
Harte's  mining  camp  stories.  GABRIEL  CONROY.  Interesting  but  irregular.  Opens 
with  memories  of  Donner  Lake  tragedy.  Yount's  dream.  John  F.  Swift.  ROBERT 
GREATHOUSE,  1870.  Greathouse  a  pioneer  man-slayer.  Comstock  mines.  The 
Washoe  bar.  Swindles.  Jack  Gowdy,  the  stage  driver.  Enoch  Bloodstone,  the 
treacherous  friend.  Withergreen,  the  grasping  superintendent.  Plot  and  counter 
plot.  Fairly  strong  novel.  Historic  characters.  Damned  the  political  career  of 
its  author.  Chapters  published  as  campaign  documents.  Swift  tried  to  recall  the 
book.  Now  scarce.  An  earlier  book,  GOING  To  JERICHO,  1868.  Sketches  of  travel. 
Insight  and  humor.  United  States  Minister  to  Japan.  Died  there  March  16.  1891. 


28  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

James  W.  Gaily.  Born  Wheeling,  W.  Virginia,  1828.  Died  Watsonville,  October 
5,  1891.  BIG  JACK  SMALL.  Pioneer  teamster.  Josephine  Clifford  McCrackin.  Wife 
of  an  army  officer.  OVERLAND  TALES,  1877.  ANOTHER  JUANITA,  1893.  Truth  as 
fiction.  Power  and  vividness.  Toby.  Flight.  Home  now  in  Santa  Cruz.  Two 
series  of  novels  by  Californians — Richard  Henry  Savage  and  Archibald  Clavering 
Gunter.  Savage  a  contributor  to  the  old  GOLDEN  ERA.  LITTLE  LADY  OF  LAGUNITAS. 
a  Franco-Californian  romance.  Interesting.  Introduction.  Melodrama  and  verbal 
fireworks.  Popular.  Gunter's  works  similar.  Came  to  San  Francisco  as  a  child. 
Educated  there.  Successful  dramatist.  Two  NIGHTS  IN  ROME.  Comedies  in  the 
East.  Then  MR.  BARNES  OF  NEW  YORK.  MR.  POTTER  OF  TEXAS.  Climax  on  every 
page.  Financially  successful.  Already  referred  to  Ambrose  Bierce  as  writer  of 
short  stories  and  novelist.  THE  MONK  AND  THE  HANGMAN'S  DAUGHTER.  W.  H. 
Rhodes.  CAXTON'S  BOOK,  1876.  Strong  stories.  Flora  Haines  Loughead.  Writer 
for  magazines.  THE  MAN  WHO  WAS  GUILTY.  Bank  cashier.  Embezzled.  Es 
caped  to  Japan.  Conscience  stricken.  Gave  himself  up.  Sentenced  to  San  Quen- 
tin.  Came  back  to  San  Francisco  and  resolutely  lived  down  his  crime.  A  help 
ful,  inspiring  book.  Well  wrought  out.  THE  ABANDONED  CLAIM.  Invalid  father. 
Mother  dead.  Two  boys  and  girl.  Took  up  claim  in  Coast  Range.  Good  and 
true  descriptions.  A  beautiful  character,  Dr.  John,  introduced.  Open  air.  Ranch 
life.  In  1891  Mrs.  Loughead  started  Gold  Dust  Series.  Monthly  short  stories. 
Three  only  issued.  THE  MAN  FROM  NOWHERE;  A  CROWN  OF  THORNS;  SANTOS'S 
BROTHER.  Her  latest  book,  THE  BLACK  CURTAIN.  Great  painter;  great  singer. 
Both  appear  to  claim  same  land  in  Coast  Range.  Romance  of  the  story.  Sus 
picion  of  the  black  curtain.  Helen  Hunt  Jackson.  Stirred  by  wrongs  of  Indians. 
CENTURY  OF  DISHONOR.  Effect  scarcely  noticeable.  RAMONA.  Made  great  im 
pression  that  is  lasting,  and  still  continues.  Story  told  in  THROUGH  RAMONA'S 
COUNTRY.  Emma  Frances  Dawson,  writer  of  strange  short  stories.  AN  ITINERANT 
HOUSE,  1897.  Beatrice  Harraden.  Meeting  in  Arizona.  El  Cajon  ranch.  Then 
writing  HILDA  STRAFFORD.  Too  true  to  be  romantic.  Mrs.  Nellie  Blessing 
Eyster.  Several  books  for  children,  among  others,  CHINCAPIN  CHARLIE; 
TOM  HARDING  AND  His  FRIENDS;  A  COLONIAL  BOY.  Kate  Douglas 
Wiggin.  Now,  famous.  Once  kindergartner  in  San  Francisco.  BIRDS' 
CHRISTMAS  CAROL;  THE  STORY  OF  PATSY;  A  SUMMER  IN  A  CANYON.  Frona 
Eunice  Wait.  ZERMAH  THE  DORADO.  Mystic.  11,147  years  ago.  Imaginative  of 
the  San  Francisco  of  that  long  past  age.  W.  C.  Morrow.  Writer  of  strong  short 
stories,  leaning  t6wards  the  horrible,  wierd,  almost  revolting.  In  1897  in  book 
form:  THE  APE,  THE  IDIOT,  AND  OTHER  PEOPLE.  Great  success.  In  1901,  A  MAN: 
His  MARK.  In  1907,  LENTALA,  a  tale  of  the  South  Seas.  High  mark  in  fiction. 
In  THE  LARK  Gelett  Burgess  showed  his  originality  and  power.  Developed  into 
a  novelist.  A  LITTLE  SISTER  OF  DESTINY.  Suggestive  title.  Rich  California  girl. 
Adventurous  and  romantic.  Aids  struggling  and  worthy  men  and  women  to  at 
tain  their  ambitions.  Clever  story,  cleverly  worked  out.  Several  other  stories. 
Mrs.  Lu  Wheat.  Much  time  in  China.  THE  THIRD  DAUGHTER.  A  story  of  the 
sale  of  Chinese  girls.  Mrs.  Fremont  Older.  Wife  of  editor  San  Francisco  Bul 
letin.  THE  GIANTS,  1905.  Struggle  for  supremacy  in  oil.  Vivid  pictures  of  early 
oil  in  California.  Power  of  wealth.  Bribery.  Punishment.  Margaret  Collier 
Graham.  Delicacy  of  touch.  Fine  descriptions.  STORIES  OF  THE  FooT-HiLLS. 
Struggle  for  water  in  early  days.  Tragedies.  Good  character  drawing.  Com 
plicity  of  Enoch  Embody.  Mary  Austin.  Power  in  desert  descriptions.  Short 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  29 

stories.  ISIDRO.  Novel  of  Mission  days.  SANTA  LUCIA;  THE  BLUE  MOON.  Alice 
Prescott  Smith.  THE  LEGATEE.  Later  purely  California  work.  Story  in  SUNSET. 
Marah  Ellis  Ryan.  Successful  novelist.  Came  to  California  to  write  FOR  THE 
SOUL  OF  RAFAEL.  Room  at  San  Juan  Capistrano.  Taylor's  fine  photographs. 
INDIAN  LOVE  LETTERS.  Pathetic  and  strong.  Reveals  the  hopelessness  of  the  In 
dian's  life.  Sarah  Pratt  Carr.  THE  IRON  WAY.  Father  superintendent  of  con 
struction  on  Central  Pacific.  Lived  among  scenes  described.  Pretty  love  story. 
James  Hopper.  Half-back  at  Berkeley.  Went  to  Philippines.  Stories  for  Me 
Clure's.  CAYBIGAN.  Later  story  "999."  Revelation  of  convict  life.  Willis  George 
Emerson.  BuELL  HAMPTON;  THE  BUILDERS.  Deal  with  pioneer  times.  Cattle  and 
mining.  THE  SMOKY  GOD.  An  imaginative  romance.  The  mystery  of  the  North 
Pole.  The  continent  of  the  "within."  Ella  Sterling  Mighels.  THE  FULL  GLORY 
OF  DIANTHA.  Mrs.  A.  S.  C.  Forbes.  MISSION  TALES  IN  THE  DAYS  OF  THE  DONS. 
Edmund  Mitchell.  An  expert  novelist  in  other  fields.  India,  Australia,  Paris,  etc. 
IN  DESERT  KEEPING.  True  sympathy  with  the  desert,  and  fidelity  in  description. 
Idah  Meacham  Strobridge.  Her  stories  while  of  desert  are  good  novels.  Virile, 
strong,  powerful.  The  characters  real  and  personal.  THE  LOOM  OF  THE  DESERT; 
IN  PURPLE  SHADOWS.  Mrs.  C.  D.  Daggett.  MARIPOSILLA.  Adeline  Knapp.  Short 
stories.  THE  WELL  IN  THE  DESERT.  Sad  death  iust  as  fame  came. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  XVII. 

The  complete  works  of  Mark  Twain,  Bret  Harte,  and  Joaquin  Miller.  Austin, 
Mary,  ISIDRO,  1905;  SANTA  LUCIA,  1908;  THE  BLUE  MOON,  1909.  Burgess,  Gelett, 
A  LITTLE  SISTER  OF  DESTINY,  1906.  Carr,  Sarah  Pratt,  THE  IRON  WAY,  1907. 
Cheney,  Warren,  THE  WAY  OF  THE  NORTH  ;  His  WIFE,  1907.  Daggett,  Mrs.  C.  D., 
MARIPOSILLA.  Dawson,  Emma  Frances,  AN  ITINERANT  HOUSE,  1897.  Eyster,  Mrs. 
Nellie  Blessing,  CHINCAPIN  CHARLEY;  TOM  HARDING;  A  COLONIAL  BOY,  1889. 
Emerson,  Willis  George,  BUELL  HAMPTON,  1906;  THE  BUILDERS,  1906;  THE  SMOKY 
GOD,  1908.  Forbes,  Mrs.  A.  S.  C.,  MISSION  TALES  IN  THE  DAYS  OF  THE  DONS. 
Galley,  James  W.,  BIG  JACK  SMALL.  Graham,  Margaret  Collier,  STORIES  OF  THE 
FOOT-HILLS,  1895.  Harraden,  Beatrice,  HILDA  STAFFORD,  1897.  Hopper,  James, 
CAYBIGAN,  1906;  "999,"  1909.  Loughead,  Flora  Haines,  THE  MAN  WHO  WAS 
GUILTY;  THE  ABANDONED  CLAIM;  THE  BLACK  CURTAIN;  THE  MAN  FROM  NO 
WHERE  ;  A  CROWN  OF  THORNS  ;  SANTOS'S  BROTHER.  Jackson,  H.  H.,  A  CENTURY 
OF  DISHONOR;  RAMONA.  Knapp,  Adeline,  THE  WELL  IN  THE  DESERT.  McCrackin, 
Josephine  Clifford,  OVERLAND  TALES,  1877;  ANOTHER  JUANITA,  1893.  Mitchell, 
Edmund,  THE  LONE  STAR  RUSH;  ONLY  A  NIGGER;  THE  TEMPLE  OF  DEATH; 
TOWARDS  THE  ETERNAL  SNOWS;  PLOTTERS  OF  PARIS;  IN  DESERT  KEEPING.  Morrow, 
W.  C.,  THE  APE,  THE  IDIOT,  AND  OTHER  PEOPLE,  1897 ;  A  MAN  :  His  MARK,  1899 ; 
LENTALA,  a  story  of  the  South  Seas,  1909.  Mighels,  Mrs.  Phillip  Verrill,  THE 
FULL  GLORY  OF  DIANTHA,  1909.  Older,  Mrs.  Fremont,  THE  GIANTS,  1905.  Ryan, 
Marah  Ellis,  FOR  THE  SOUL  OF  RAFAEL,  1906;  all  her  earlier  novels;  INDIAN  LOVE 
LETTERS,  1907.  Smith,  Alice  Prescott,  THE  LEGATEE,  1903.  Rhodes,  W.  H., 
CAXTON'S  BOOK,  1876;  THE  STRANGE  CASE  OF  SUMMERFIELD,  1907  (reprint.)  Stro 
bridge,  Idah  Meacham,  IN  MINER'S  MIRAGE  LAND;  THE  LOOM  OF  THE  DESERT; 
IN  THE  LAND  OF  PURPLE  SHADOWS.  Swift,  John  Franklin,  GOING  TO  JERICHO,  1868; 
ROBERT  GREATHOUSE,  1870.  Savage,  Richard  Henry,  THE  LITTLE  LADY  OF  LA- 
GUNITAS,  1892.  Wheat,  Mrs.  Lu,  THE  THIRD  DAUGHTER,  1906.  Waite,  Frona 
Eunice,  YERMAH  THE  DORADO,  1897.  Wriggin,  Kate  Douglas,  A  CHRISTMAS  CAROL; 
THE  STORY  OF  PATSY;  A  SUMMER  IN  A  CANYON. 


30  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

LECTURE  XVIII. 

A  SEXTET  OF  WOMEN  NOVELISTS:  GERTRUDE  ATHERTON, 
GERALDINE  BONNER,  GWENDOLYN  OVERTON,  FRANCES 
CHARLES,  MIRIAM  MICHELSON,  ELEANOR  GATES. 

Gertrude  Atherton  born  in  San  Francisco.  An  American  novelist  of  inter 
national  renown.  Full  of  much  of  the  California  spirit.  Some  of  it  not  the  best 
of  manifestations.  Creator  of  strong  and  original  types.  No  idealistic  characters 
with  spiritual  uplift  or  inspiration.  Men  and  women  of  the  society  world.  Morals 
far  from  certain.  Exemplifications  of  modern  laxity.  Early  a  writer  in  San  Fran 
cisco  and  elsewhere.  Her  first  book  to  arouse  great  interest  was  HERMIA  SUYDAM. 
A  novel  character.  Since  then  Mrs.  Atherton  has  created  shadowy  personalities 
as  real  as  Maggie  Tulliver,  Little  Dorrit,  or  Martin  Chuzzlewit.  Attempt  at 
psychological  explanation  of  erratic  and  abnormal  conduct.  Cryder.  Quintard. 
Compare.  Quintard's  standard  of  morality,  p.  153.  Tragic  end.  Los  CERRITOS. 
Dialect  of  native  Californian.  Carmelita's  childhood.  Torture  at  school.  A  child 
of  nature.  Her  love  of  trees,  p.  54.  Daughter  of  Joaquin  Murietta,  the  bandit. 
Error  in  attributing  missions  of  Alta  California  to  the  Jesuits,  p.  20.  Murietta's 
marriage  to  the  daughter  of  the  hermit,  Alvarado.  Carmelita's  anger  at  felling 
of  trees,  p.  68.  Loss  of  rancho.  Alexander  Tremaine.  One  of  several  such  cre 
ations  by  the  author.  Doubtless  drawn  from  life.  Rich,  grasping,  discontented, 
dissolute  Anglo-Saxons.  Castro's  fight  to  retain  ranch.  Carmelita's  eloquence  to 
same  end.  Castro's  love.  Geraldine's  love  for  the  priest.  Carmelita  meets  Tre 
maine.  Her  simple  love,  p.  187.  The  denouement.  Tremaine's  fight  with  Castro. 
Carmelita  saves  Tremaine.  Tragic  end  of  Tremaine's  wife,  Castro  and  Hawkins. 
The  Litany  of  the  Redwoods.  Have  given  this  lengthy  analysis  to  show  Mrs. 
Atherton's  earlier  work.  THE  DOOMSWOMAN.  Spanish  tradition  re  twins.  A 
WHIRL  ASUNDER.  Owin  Clive.  Young  Englishman  comes  to  California  to  marry 
Mary  Gordon.  Meets  Helena  Belmont,  a  California  girl.  The  whirl  asunder  fol 
lows.  A  few  exquisite  descriptions  of  mid-Californian  scenery.  Clive's  tragic 
death.  PATIENCE  SPARHAWK.  Dedication  on  Individual  Will  to  Paul  Bourget. 
A  wonderful  creation.  Living,  real.  Pathetic  touches  in  early  pages.  Romance 
of  Carmel  and  the  owl  in  tower.  Rosita's  development.  Patience's  growth.  Loss 
of  ideals.  Curse  of  society.  A  book  that  would  shock  the  W.C.T.U.  Graphic 
pictures  of  Miss  Tremont  and  Miss  Beale.  Shows  society's  attitude  towards  such 
work.  The  Gardiner  Peeles.  Field.  Morgan  Steele,  p.  356.  The  death  of  Bev 
erly.  Honora.  Patience's  imprisonment,  trial,  preparation  for  death.  Dramatic 
release.  A  man's  imagination.  No  equivocation.  Frankness.  Scorn  of  others' 
opinions.  The  daring  of  the  early  Californian.  AMERICAN  WIVES  AND  ENGLISH 
HUSBANDS.  Reveals  intimate  knowledge  of  English  life.  A  little  mistaken  in 
some  generalizations,  as  any  foreigner  of  her  temperament  and  training  is  apt  to 
be.  But  a  fine  view  of  some  forms  of  English  life  from  a  California  society 
woman's  standpoint.  Frank  snubbing  of  San  Francisco.  Scathing  analysis  of 
the  society  round,  p.  259.  THE  CAUFORNIANS.  Helen  Belmont  again  introduced. 
The  miser,  Don  Roberto  Yorba.  Magdalena  an  interesting  character,  sweet  and 
pure  and  good.  Trennahan  the  Clive  of  "A  Whirl  Asunder."  Magdalena  a 
Spanish  type — altogether  unlike  Mary  Gordon,  her  English  prototype  in  the  ear- 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  3| 

Her  novel.  Different  ending.  A  DAUGHTER  OF  THE  VINE.  Story  originally  in 
ARGONAUT.  True  to  life.  Now  much  enlarged  and  further  away  from  facts.  A 
daring  story.  Unconventional  theme.  Well  handled.  Dudley  Thorpe  a  living 
character.  Nina  Randolph,  the  unfortunate  victim  of  heredity,  p.  140.  A  terrible 
picture.  The  dance  in  the  attic,  p.  129.  California  life  of  the  early  forties.  Temp 
tation,  p.  183.  dough's  penetration  of  her  secret  The  failure  of  Nina's  and 
Thorpe's  letters  to  reach  their  destinations.  A  girl  arrives.  Nina  marries  Clouch. 
Degradation.  Thorpe  finds  her  dying.  A  sad  story.  Has  too  many  prototypes 
in  actual  life.  SENATOR  NORTH.  A  political  novel.  Life  in  Washington.  Doubt 
less  led  to  the  writing  of  THE  CONQUEROR.  Hamilton's  ideas,  p.  330.  THE 
ARISTOCRATS.  An  Adirondack  story.  Study  of  Hamilton  added  greatly  to  Mrs. 
Atherton's  fame.  A  man's  brain  and  hand,  with  a  woman's  delicate  touch  shown 
all  through.  Vivid  description  of  storm.  Only  one  other  equal  description  in  the 
language.  That  also  by  a  Californian.  Jack  London  in  THE  HOUSE  OF  MAPUTA. 
Her  exaltation  of  Hamilton's  statesmanship  and  defense  of  his  principles.  Reveals 
the  aristocrat.  Her  life  a  protest  against  democracy,  and  democratic  ideals. 
RULERS  OF  KINGS  shows  the  same  strong,  masculine  handling.  A  notable  piece 
of  fiction.  Fessenden  Abbott  and  his  father  are  powerful  creations,  and  Ranata 
one  of  her  strongest  women  characters.  Alexandra  well  drawn  also.  When  men 
deny  the  creative  and  executive  power  of  women  I  hand  them  this  novel. 
REZAXOV.  A  true  historical  picture,  exquisitely  and  tenderly  drawn.  Equal  as  a 
novel,  throughout,  to  Bret  Harte's  poem.  Concha  Arguello's  story  was  never 
better  told.  Will  ever  awaken  the  sympathy  of  humanity.  The  most  ideal  char 
acter  Mrs.  Atherton  has  yet  drawn.  ANCESTORS.  The  possibility  of  an  English 
statesman  finding  a  large  enough  career  for  himself  in  the  developing  California. 
Higher  ideals  in  this  for  both  men  and  women  than  in  former  stories.  Less  call 
upon  the  melodramatic.  Vivid  pictures  of  San  Francisco.  Graft  and  its  fights 
for  supremacy.  The  battle  against  it.  The  earthquake  of  1906.  Mrs.  Atherton's 
personal  experiences.  Altogether  a  voice  heard  throughout  the  English  speaking 
world.  An  assured  position.  Books  not  for  children.  Not  true  to  life  among  all 
types  of  men  and  women.  As  realistic  as  the  French,  with  more  of  the  open  air 
and  frank  primitiveness.  Great  pictures  of  the  times  in  several  different  localities. 

Geraldine  Bonner.  Difference  between  actual  genius  and  a  conscientious 
workman.  Miss  Bonner  a  trained  journalist  and  writer.  Steadily  improving.  Ar 
gonaut  school.  HARD  PAN,  1900.  TOMORROW'S  TANGLE.  Unfortunate  title.  Too 
feminine.  A  strong,  rugged  story  and  well  worth  reading.  Men  repelled  by 
title.  The  Mormon  emigrant  and  his  two  wives  excellent  and  graphic  pictures. 
Life  in  the  mines.  Moreau  a  true  type  of  the  impulsive,  educated,  better  class  of 
miner.  Fletcher  the  opposite.  Degradation  is  consistently  worked  out.  Jake 
Shackelton  as  powerful  a  character  as  any  of  Mrs.  Atherton's.  True  pictures  of 
the  mines,  and  San  Francisco  from  a  different  standpoint  than  G.  A.'s.  Show 
the  difference  temperamentally.  Shackelton's  love  for  his  lost  daughter.  Mari- 
posa  a  sweet  girl.  Strong  and  good.  Her  rebuke  to  Essex.  Gamaliel  Barren 
a  true  westerner.  The  prima  donna  contented  with  home  role.  THE  PIONEER. 
Scarcely  so  vigorous  in  plot,  or  as  well  worked  out,  though  the  descriptions  are 
more  vivid  and  striking.  Col.  James  Parrish.  His  tender  spot  gets  him  into 
trouble  with  the  squatter.  June  and  Rosamund  Allen.  Parrish  and  June's  father 
and  mother.  The  tragedy  of  the  Colonel's  life.  Alice  sends  for  him.  Kindness 
uo  his  enemy's  children  for  their  mother's  sake.  San  Francisco  in  1870.  True 


32  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

pictures.  June  in  love  with  the  wrong  man.  Barclay's  record.  The  stock  ex 
citement  of  1871-72.  Parrish  goes  down.  Barclay  marries  Mercedes.  Allen's  con 
temptible  trading  on  Parrish's  love.  Nevada  pictures.  June  and  Rosamund  in 
Virginia  City.  P/s  marriage.  Barclay  comes  back  to  June.  June's  weakness. 
She  puns  to  elope  with  Jerry  Barclay.  Mercedes's  father  discovers  the  plot. 
Deals  with  Barclay.  Rion  conies  again.  CASTLECOURT  DIAMOND  CASE.  A  good, 
rattling,  detective  story.  RICH  MAN'S  CHILDREN.  Frances  Charles.  Thin  paper 
covered  brochure  by  Fannie  A  Charles:  SIFTINGS  FROM  POVERTY  FLAT.  IN  THE 
COUNTRY  GOD  FORGOT.  Strong  story  of  Arizona  life.  Hate  of  rich  old  farmer 
for  his  son.  Struggle  for  water  in  a  desert  land.  Peculiar  style.  Effective  and 
thralling,  though  at  first  somewhat  irritating.  THE  AWAKENING  OF  THE  DUCHESS. 
A  beautiful  story,  beautifully  told  of  San  Francisco.  The  Duchess  is  a  young 
mother  whose  love  for  her  half-forgotten  child  is  awakened  by  the  sweet  inno 
cence  and  attractiveness  of  the  little  one.  Roselle  as  bewitching  as  Little  Lord 
Fauntleroy.  THE  SiEGE  OF  YOUTH.  Another  San  Francisco  story.  Art  develop 
ment.  Two  local  pictures.  Epigrammatic  conversations.  PARDNER  OF  BLOSSOM 
RANGE.  Back  to  Arizona.  Pardner  is  the  daughter  of  Jeddy  Blossom,  the  owner 
of  the  range.  A  naturalistic  story  of  a  pioneer  Arizona  girl  who  loved  her  rough 
old  father  and  rode  range  with  him.  Struggles  against  hard  conditions.  Raids 
by  Apaches.  Brave  defences.  True  pictures  of  days  forever  gone. 

Gwendolen  Overton.  Daughter  of  an  army  officer  in  Arizona.  Personal  ex 
periences  of  great  value.  Strong  literary  power.  HERITAGE  OF  UNREST.  Stronger 
pictures  and  more  intimate  of  the  Apaches  than  in  Miss  Charles's  work.  True 
western  flavor.  Open,  frank,  sincere,  unapologetic  for  things  as  they  are.  Days 
of  Geronimo  never  better  described.  Half-breed  Apache  girl — Cabot's  daughter — 
left  as  ward  by  her  dying  father  to  Lieutenant  Landor.  Sent  East.  Ten  years 
later  returns  to  Fort  Grant.  Landor's  dread  of  Apache  blood,  p.p.  16  and  53. 
Tarantula  and  vinagrone.  L.  marries  her.  Apache  uprisings,  p.p.  68-69.  Citizens 
vs.  military.  New  viewpoints.,  p.  116  et.  seq.  Poor  Kirby.  Military  jealousies. 
Agents'  delinquencies,  p.  175.  Picture  of  Crook,  p.  227.  Meeting  of  Crook  and 
Geronimo,  p.  297.  Felipa's  marriage  to  Cairness.  Death.  ANNE  CARMEL.  New 
scene.  Strong  character  drawing.  French  Canadians.  THE  GOLDEN  CHAIN. 
CAPTAINS  OF  THE  WORLD.  THE  CAPTAIN'S  DAUGHTER. 

Eleanor  Gates.  THE  BIOGRAPHY  OF  A  PRAIRIE  GIRL.  Experiences  at  Stanford 
and  Berkeley.  Inability  to  enter  Literature  class.  Instant  success  with  her  story. 
Sweet,  fragrant,  tender,  pathetic,  strong.  Vivid  pictures  of  the  stern  pioneer  life 
of  the  North.  Death  of  her  father  before  she  was  born.  Life  with  three  broth 
ers.  Another  and  somewhat  similar  story  in  THE  PLOW  WOMAN.  A  story  of 
independence  and  womanly  self-reliance  on  the  Dakota  prairie.  The  crippled 
father  and  two  sisters.  Precarious  hold  on  land  of  some  of  the  early  settlers. 
CUPID  THE  Cow  PUNCH.  A  refreshing,  humorous  character.  A  real  creation. 
GOOD  NIGHT.  The  pathetic  story  of  a  parrot,  tenderly  told.  El  Recreo.  Arab 
horses.  Married  to  Richard  Walton  Tully,  the  earnest  California  dramatist. 
Divorced.  POOR  LITTLE  RICH  GIRL.  Novel  and  drama.  Both  successful. 

Miriam  Michelson.  Nevada  life.  THE  MADIGANS.  Simple,  natural,  uncon 
ventional.  As  charming  as  any  of  the  noted  girls  of  fiction.  Different  and  full 
of  humor.  THE  BISHOP'S  CARRIAGE.  Strong  dramatic  situations.  ANTHONY  OVER 
MAN.  Powerfully  written.  High  ideals,  vividly  expressed.  In  this  regard  leads 
her  accomplished  sisters  of  the  pen.  Eloquence  of  inspiration.  Life  in  the  Sierras. 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  33 

These  six  novelists  have  written  well  and  strong.  Have  given  useful  pictures 
of  passing  epochs  to  the  world  with  vividness  and  dramatic  power.  Books  of 
historic  value.  They  will  ever  rank  high  and  deservedly  so.  Demonstrate  two 
propositions:  I — Women  are  natural  romancers  and  can  become  skilled  writers; 
II — The  West  provides  novelists  and  abundant  themes  of  freshness  and  absorb 
ing  interest. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  XVIII. 

Atherton,  Gertrude  Franklin,  WHAT  DREAMS  MAY  COME,  1888;  HERMIA  SUY- 
DAM,  1889;  Los  CERRITOS,  1890;  MRS.  PENDLETON'S  FOUR-IN-HAND;  THE  DOOMS- 
WOMAN,  1893;  BEFORE  THE  GRINGO  CAME,  1894,  (rewritten  and  enlarged  and  re- 
published  under  title  THE  SPLENDID  IDLE  FORTIES,  1902)  ;  A  WHIRL  ASUNDER,  1895 ; 
PATIENCE  SPARHAWK  AND  HER  TIMES,  1897;  His  FORTUNATE  GRACE,  1897;  AMERI 
CAN  WIVES  AND  ENGLISH  HUSBANDS,  1898;  THE  CALIFORNIANS,  1898;  A  DAUGHTER 
OF  THE  VINE,  1899;  THE  VALIANT  RUNAWAYS,  1899;  SENATOR  NORTH,  1900;  THE 
ARISTOCRATS,  1901;  THE  CONQUEROR,  1902;  A  FEW  OF  HAMILTON'S  LETTERS,  1903; 
RULERS  OF  KINGS,  1904;  THE  BELL  IN  THE  FOG;  1905;  THE  TRAVELING  THIRDS, 
1905;  REZANOV,  1906;  ANCESTORS,  1907.  Bonner,  Geraldine,  HARD  PAN,  1900; 
TANGLED  TOMORROWS,  1902;  THE  PIONEER,  1905-6;  CASTLECOURT  DIAMOND  CASE, 
1906;  RICH  MAN'S  CHILDREN,  1906.  Charles,  Frances,  SIFTINGS  FROM  POVERTY 
FLAT,  1893;  IN  THE  COUNTRY  GOD  FORGOT,  1902;  THE  AWAKENING  OF  THE  DUCH 
ESS,  1903;  THE  SIEGE  OF  YOUTH,  1903;  PARDNER  OF  BLOSSOM  RANGE,  1906.  Gates, 
Eleanor,  THE  BIOGRAPHY  OF  A  PRAIRIE  GIRL,  1904 ;  THE  PLOW- WOMAN,  1907 ; 
CUPID  THE  Cow  PUNCH,  1907;  GOOD  NIGHT,  1907.  Michelson,  Miriam,  THE  MADI- 
GANS;  IN  THE  BISHOP'S  CARRIAGE;  ANTHONY  OVERMAN.  Overton,  Gwendolen, 
HERITAGE  OF  UNREST,  1901 ;  ANNE  CARMEL  ;  GOLDEN  CHAIN  ;  CAPTAINS  OF  THE 
WORLD;  THE  CAPTAIN'S  DAUGHTER. 


LECTURE  XIX. 

THE  YOUNG  GIANTS— A  TRIO  OF  CALIFORNIA  NOVELISTS: 
FRANK  NORRIS,  JACK  LONDON,  HERMAN  WHITAKER. 

Age  of  fiction.  Peculiar  growth  in  California.  Bret  Harte's  influence.  The 
environment.  Frank  Norris.  Mother's  moulding.  Short  stories.  A  DEAL  IN 
WHEAT.  Great  power.  Vivid  imagination.  Tremendous  realism.  BLIX.  A  MAN'S 
WOMAN.  Wonderful  change  from  his  YvERNELLE,  a  legend  of  France  in  rhymed 
couplets  written  at  21.  MORAN  OF  LADY  LETTY.  Interest  in  the  water  front.  Wheat 
vessels.  The  picturesque  in  the  commonplace.  Ross  Wilbur.  Shanghaied.  Cap 
tain  JCitchell.  The  Bertha  Millner.  Gets  a  prize.  Lady  Letty.  Moran.  A  purely 
western,  unconventional  character.  She  lives  in  the  eye  of  the  reader.  Storm  at 
sea.  The  Lady  Letty  and  Kitchell  go  down  together.  Moran  becomes  the  Girl 
Captain  of  the  Bertha  Millner.  Chinese  crew.  Singular  situation.  Desertion. 
Beachcombers  and  sperm  whale.  Great  find  of  ambergris.  Fight  with  Chinese 
and  loss  of  the  treasure.  Recapture.  A  change  of  captains.  At  Coronado.  Back 
in  San  Francisco.  Moran's  tragic  end.  Here  was  power ;  a  new  note,  strong,  vig 
orous,  untrammeled  by  conventional  standards.  Vivid  imagination  dealing  with 
new  field.  McTEAGuE,  a  story  of  a  dentist  in  San  Francisco.  Here  massing  of 
facts  with  microscopic  fidelity,  as  afterwards  in  larger  work.  Bold,  sketchy  draw- 


34  Syllabus  of  Course  of  Lectures  on 

ing  of  McTeague,  Marcus  Schouler  and  Trina.  McTeague  awakens.  The  lottery. 
Hatred  between  Marcus  and  McTeague.  The  latter  wins  Trina.  McTeague  pre 
vented  from  practicing.  Sordid  details  of  life.  Trina's  avarice.  Relieved  with 
story  of  Old  Grannis  and  Miss  Baker.  Desertion.  Sinking.  The  end.  McTeague's 
escape.  On  the  desert.  The  posse.  Marcus  catches  the  criminal.  The  end  in 
Death  Valley.  Now  Norris  rises  to  work.  The  railway  conditions  in  California. 
Southern  Pacific  Company's  political  bureau.  A  large  outlook  uoon  life.  The 
need  for  bread.  He  becomes  a  voice  and  writes  THE  OCTOPUS.  Basis  of  history 
Story  of  Mussel  Slough.  The  tragic  end  of  S.  Behrman,  p.  642.  Descriptions  of 
the  San  Joaquin  wheat  fields.  Harvesting,  etc.  This  novel  reveals  him  a  man 
of  growing  power  and  genius.  THE  PIT,  the  second  novel  in  his  wheat  trilogy. 
A  scathing  denunciation  of  the  gambling  methods  of  the  wheat  pit.  The  fore 
runner  of  universal  attacks.  Destined  to  produce  great  change  ultimately  in  the 
ungodly  methods  of  making  the  food  necessities  of  a  people  the  object  of  rich 
men's  gambling.  The  dawning  of  a  new  day.  Norris's  prophetic  vision.  The 
true  democracy.  The  horrors  of  the  pit,  A  corner  in  wheat.  The  breaking  of 
the  corner,  and  downfall  of  the  king.  Jadwin  a  counterpart  of  Hutchinson.  Nor 
ris's  untimely  end.  A  new  figure  of  power  and  genius  looming  up  for  some  time. 
Jack  London.  Born  in  San  Francisco.  A  "cub  of  the  slums."  Ages  of  power 
concentered  in  his  protoplasm.  Poetry.  Own  story  of  his  struggle.  Socialist 
speaker  on  streets.  Primitive  elements.  A  revelation  of  possibilities.  Goes  on 
tramp.  Story  afterwards  graphically  told  in  THE  ROAD.  On  the  Bay.  TALES  of 
THE  FISH  PATROL.  In  a  whaler.  THE  SEA  WOLF.  Studies  of  social  conditions. 
Becomes  a  materialist.  His  views  in  this  book.  Goes  to  Alaska.  On  his  return 
gives  experiences  to  the  world.  Writes  for  OVERLAND  MONTHLY.  Mrs.  Eames. 
Story  in  MARTIN  EDEN.  Leaps  into  popular  favor.  The  bold  brutality  compels 
attention.  Strength  of  Kipling,  and  equally  vivid  picturing,  though  not  so  delicate 
a  touch.  CHILDREN  OF  THE  FROST.  Indian  studies.  As  great  an  insight  into  Indian 
heart  as  Fenimore  Cooper,  Major  Powell,  or  Lieut.  Frank  Gushing.  The  value 
of  these  stories  never  appreciated.  The  League  of  the  Old  Men,  one  of  his  best 
stories.  This  alone  proof  of  insight  of  genius,  as  well  as  the  genius  of  story-tell 
ing.  His  socialism  pure  and  strong.  His  lectures  in  New  York,  etc.  Studies  in 
London.  PFOPLE  OF  THE  ABYSS.  His  inscription:  "Walk  with  me  here  amongst 
the  creatures  damned  by  man,  and  then  wonder  not  that  I  sign  myself,  'Yours 
for  the  Revolution !' "  Not  a  passive  socialist.  The  fight  is  on.  Suddenly  he 
hurls  out  the  Kempton-Wace  Letters.  Letters  between  himself  and  Anna  Strunsky, 
a  typical  Russian  revolutionist.  Here  he  reveals  his  evolution  theories,  especially 
as  applied  to  sex  and  the  development  of  the  race.  Philosophers'  correspondence, 
for  Anna  is  his  mental  equal.  Again  he  thrills  the  world  with  THE  CALL  OF  THE 
WILD.  Reversion  to  type.  A  philosophical  lesson  in  a  wonderful  story,  written 
with  a  purpose.  The  only  story  begun  and  unfinished.  London's  method  of  work. 
Bob,  Son  of  Battle.  Determined  some  day  to  write  of  a  dog  fight.  Ideas  flowed 
at  last.  Written  in  three  weeks.  THE  FAITH  OF  MEN.  Short  stories.  THE  SEA 
WOLF.  "Find  here,  in  the  mouth  of  the  Sea  Wolf,  much  of  the  philosophy  that 
was  mine  in  my  'long  sickness.'  It  is  still  mine,  though  now,  that  I  am  happy, 
I  keep  it  covered  over  with  veils  of  illusion."  The  cynical  pessimism  of  harsh 
materialism.  THE  GAME.  "I'd  rather  be  champion  of  the  world  than  President 
of  the  United  States."  The  apotheosis  of  boxing  and  athletic  power.  WAR  OF  THE 
CLASSES.  A  determined  propagandist.  His  socialistic  lecture  purchased  by  Cos- 


California  Literature  and  Its  Spirit  35 

mopolitan  for  $500.  Never  published.  Too  radical.  This  book  is  his  statement 
of  socialistic  principles.  The  wise  man  studies  the  mental  attitude  of  his  enemy. 
London  a  teacher  of  thousands.  Where  wrong  he  must  be  combatted  fairly  and 
with  mental  power.  WHITE  FANG  a  most  revelative  volume.  The  personal  put 
into  the  experiences  of  a  half-wild-born  wolf-dog.  The  fight  provoked  controversy 
with  President  Roosevelt.  The  love-master.  Won  to  the  tame.  The  dog  at  Glen 
Ellen.  IRON  HEEL.  A  prophecy  of  the  downfall  of  our  commercial  and  material 
civilization.  MARTIN  EDEN,  a  biographical  sketch.  BEFORE  ADAM.  An  imaginative 
story  of  prehistoric  man  and  his  development.  The  Story  of  Ab,  etc.  Charge  of 
plagiarism.  The  unreason  of  the  charge,  and  the  folly  of  making  it.  The  voyage  on 
"The  Snark."  London  a  power  to  be  reckoned  with.  Still  a  most  prolific 
worker.  Fertility  of  imagination  equal  to  that  of  any  of  the  great  writers  of  the 
past,  and  his  energy  and  industry  unsurpassed.  Ruskin  Club  of  Oakland.  Herman 
Whitaker.  London's  interest  in  him.  The  club's  interest.  Help  given  grocery 
clerk.  Made  good.  Harper's  acceptance  of  THE  PROBATIONER.  Strong  stories  of 
the  Northwest.  THE  SETTLER  showed  sustained  power  and  great  mental  grasp. 
Pictures  of  historic  importance.  Not  so  imaginative  a  genius  as  London's,  but 
graphic  descriptive  power.  THE  PLANTER  increases  his  reputation.  The  Uncle 
Tom  of  the  Mexican  peon  and  Yaki  slave.  A  true  note  of  humanity.  Pictures  of 
Mexican  jungles.  The  eternal  fight  with  sense.  An  expose  of  the  rubber  planta 
tion  swindles.  Character  drawing  of  compelling  power.  In  this  the  equal  of 
Norris.  The  Yaki  story  well  told,  p.p.  269  et.  seq. 

All  three  men  have  done  work  that  will  live.  Read  by  thousands.  Untold  in 
fluence.  Is  it  all  for  good?  Responsibility  for  his  work  and  its  influence  should 
be  borne  in  upon  the  heart  of  an  author.  The  higher  the  human  motive  the  bet 
ter  the  art,  and  the  truer  the  result. 

REFERENCES  FOR  LECTURE  XIX. 

London,  Jack,  SONG  OF  THE  WOLF,  1900;  THE  GOD  OF  His  FATHERS,  1901; 
DAUGHTER  OF  THE  SNOWS,  1902;  CHILDREN  OF  THE  FROST,  1902;  CRUISE  OF  THE 
DAZZLER,  1902;  PEOPLE  OF  THE  ABYSS,  1903;  KEMPTON-WACE  LETTERS,  1903;  CALL 
OF  THE  WILD,  1903;  THE  FAITH  OF  MEN,  1904;  SEA  WTOLF,  1904;  THE  GAME,  1905; 
TALES  OF  THE  FISH  PATROL,  1905;  MOON  FACE,  1906;  WHITE  FANG,  1907;  BEFORE 
ADAM,  1907 ;  LOVE  OF  LIFE,  1907 ;  THE  IRON  HEEL,  1907 ;  THE  ROAD,  1907 ;  MARTIN 
EDEN,  1908.  Norris,  Frank,  A  DEAL  IN  WHEAT,  AND  OTHER  STORIES,  1903;  MORAN 
OF  THE  LADY  LETTY,  1902;  MCTEAGUE,  1900;  BLIX;  A  MAN'S  WOMAN;  THE  OC 
TOPUS,  1903;  THE  PIT,  1903.  Whitaker,  Herman,  THE  PROBATIONER,  1905;  THE 
SETTLER,  1907;  THE  PLANTER,  1909. 


36  Advance  Announcement 


California  Literature  and  Its  Makers 

During  the  sixty  years  of  its  existence  the  Golden  State  has  had 
a  wonderfully  romantic  and  varied  history..  Prior  to  its  entry  into 
the  Sisterhood  of  the  United  States  of  North  America  it  had  its 
epochs  of  Spanish  discovery,  missionization  by  the  Franciscan  pad 
res,  severance  from  Spanish  rule,  government  as  a  province  of  the 
Mexican  government  and  early  influx  of  American  trappers  and  col 
onists.  Then  came  the  military  invasion  of  Fremont,  Sloat  and  Kear- 
ny's  Army  of  the  West,  its  seizure  from  Mexico,  and  the  establish 
ment  of  a  State  government,  while  in  the  turmoil  and  rush  of  the 
greatest  gold  excitement  known  to  history.  It  saw  its  mines  add  to 
the  gold  supply  of  the  world  fabulous  amounts  in  a  short  period  of 
time,  and  had  barely  settled  down  to  a  recognition  of  its  own  life 
when  its  structure  was  again  thrilled  through  and  through  by  the 
great  Comstock  excitements  of  Nevada.  It  occupied  an  unique  po 
sition  during  the  Civil  War,  and  developed  its  transcontinental  stage 
lines  and  pony  expresses  to  a  higher  degree  of  efficiency  than  had 
ever  before  been  known.  It  started  an  epidemic  of  railroad  building 
by  the  completion  of  its  trans-continental  railway,  and  quickened 
rapid  transit  in  many  cities  by  the  development  of  its  cable  railways. 
It  has  had  its  heroic  epoch — the  days  when  cattlemen  were  its  kings — 
and  its  pomological  developments.  Its  growth  in  irrigation  has  been 
a  revelation  to  the  world  and  its  transformed  deserts  are  now  the 
garden  spots  of  Western  America.  Its  oil  discoveries  have  revolu 
tionized  its  relation  to  manufactures,  and  its  scenic  and  climatic  en 
vironment  have  aided  its  growth  in  every  direction.  It  has  devel 
oped  a  civilization  peculiarly  its  own  and  this  civilization  finds  full 
est  enshrinement,  with  the  history  of  its  development,  in  its  litera 
ture.  This  is  as  remarkable  as  its  history,  and  it  was  encumbent 
upon  some  one  to  preserve,  tabulate  and  analyze  it.  Without  di 
minishing  in  any  degree  the  high  credit  due  to  Hubert  Howe  Ban 
croft  for  his  work  in  this  direction,  I  have  felt  like  adding  to  it.  For 
nearly  thirty  years  I  have  been  collecting  and  studying  it,  and  gath 
ering  such  details  of  its  creators  as  might  prove  edifying,  entertain 
ing,  and  instructive.  Slowly  a  HISTORY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIT 
ERATURE  AND  ITS  MAKERS  has  formulated  itself,  and  its  is 
now  my  intention  to  issue,  as  soon  as  convenient,  three  large  quarto 


Advance  Announcement  37 

volumes,  of  about  one  thousand  pages  each,  which  will  give  a  com 
prehensive  and  analytical  survey  of  the  whole  field  up  to  the  pres 
ent  time.  The  scope  of  the  work  is  crudely  suggested  by  the  outlines 
of  the  lectures  I  have  been  giving  in  California  for  some  time. 

The  first  volume  of  this  work  is  in  an  advanced  state  of  prep 
aration.  Its  chapters  are  somewhat  as  follows: 

I.  The  Country. 

II.  California's   Historic   Destiny. 

III.  California's   Isolation   and   Its   Influence   Upon   Its   Civili 
zation. 

IV.  California's   Scenic   Environment   and   Its   Influence   Upon 
Literature. 

V.  California's  Climate  and  Its  Influence  upon  Literature. 

VI.  The  Pioneer  Basis  of  its  Civilization. 

VII.  The  Development  of  the  California  Spirit. 

VIII.  The  Breeding  Ground  of  Heroes  and  Heroines. 

IX.  The  Literature  of  the  Aborigines,  with  Many  Illustrative 
readings. 

X.  The  Literature  of  the  Spanish  Discovery. 

XI.  The  Literature  of  the  Padres  and  of  Mission  Days. 

XII.  The  Literature  of  the  Pioneers  Prior  to  the  Military  In 
vasion. 

XIII.  The  Literature  of  the  Military  Invasion. 

XIV.  The  Literature  of  the  Gold  Pioneers. 

These  three  volumes  will  not  only  constitute  a  History  of  Cali 
fornia  Literature,  but  in  the  truest  sense  will  be  a  key  to  California's 
history,  viewed  from  every  standpoint.  It  will  be  history  at  first 
hand,  digested  and  arranged  by  an  enthusiastic  and  devoted  student. 

Every  private,  public  and  school  library  in  California  should 
possess  this  extensive  work,  not,  perhaps,  for  reading,  but  as  a  work 
of  reterence,  and  students  and  libraries  outside  of  the  State  will  find 
it  a  valuable  acquisition, 

Its  preparation  has  been  a  labor  of  love  to  its  author,  and  he  has 
spared  neither  time  nor  expense  (within  his  limited  means)  to  make 
it  as  complete  and  comprehensive  as  its  theme  is  noble  and  exalted. 
To  meet  the  expense  of  its  publication,  however,  it  is  necessary  that 
a  sufficient  number  of  ADVANCE  SUBSCRIPTIONS  be  obtained, 
and  these  are  confidently  solicited.  The  three  volumes  will  be  issued 


38  Advance  Announcement 

at  Fifteen  Dollars  each,  or  Thirty  Dollars  for  the  set,  bound  in  law 
calf  or  cloth;  in  half  morocco  Twenty  Dollars  each,  or  Fifty-five  Dol 
lars  for  the  set;  in  full  levant,  Fifty  Dollars  a  volume,  or  One  Hun 
dred  and  Twenty  Dollars  for  the  set. 

Correspondence  upon  the  subject  is  respectfully  asked  and  your 
subscription  earnestly  solicited. 

GEORGE  WHARTON  JAMES. 
1098  N.  Raymond  Ave., 
Pasadena,  Calif., 

September  27,  1909. 


ALSO  IN  PREPARATION: 

CALIFORNIA  AND  ITS  MAKERS  —  A  GRAMMAR  AND  HIGH 
SCHOOL  TEXT  BOOK. 

All  that  has  been  said  in  the  foregoing  pages  applies  to  the  prep 
aration  of  a  text  book  for  the  higher  Grammar  Grades,  High  Schools 
and  Colleges.  Why  should  not  the  youth  of  our  Golden  State  be 
mentally  fed  upon  the  literature  which  recounts  in  stirring  words 
the  brave,  heroic,  noble  and  worthy  deeds  of  the  founders  of  the  State. 
There  are  epics  as  grand  and  moving  as  those  of  Homer,  though  less 
bloody  and  cruel,  and  deeds  as  noble  and  tender  as  any  chronicled 
by  Tennyson,  Longfellow  or  other  masters  of  epic  poetry.  This  text 
book  will  contain  several  of  the  Introductory  Chapters  given  in  the 
foregoing  outline,  and  its  complete  list  will  be  somewhat  as  follows. 
Extensive  and  interesting  selections  will  be  made  from  the  various 
works  of  poets  and  prose  writers  and  thus  a  direct  and  personal 
knowledge  of  the  literature  of  the  State  will  be  obtained. 

Introductory. 

I.  California's  Historic  Destiny. 

II.  California's  Scenic  and  Climatic    Environment    and    Their 
Influence  Upon  Literature. 

III.  The  Pioneer  Basis  of  Its  Civilization. 

IV.  The  California  Spirit  and  Its  Development. 

V.  Heroes  and  Heroines. 

VI.  The  Literature  of  the  Aborigines. 

VII.  The  Literature  of  the  Spanish  Discovery. 

VIII.  The  Literature  of  the  Padres  and  of  Mission  Days. 


Advance  Announcement  ......     39 

IX.  The  Literature  of  the  Pioneers;  Prior  to  the  Military  In 
vasion. 

X.  The  Literature  of  the  Military  Invasion. 

XI.  The  Literature  of  the  Gold  Pioneers. 

XII.  The  Literature  of  the  Mining  Camps. 

XIII.  The  Founding  of  the  Overland  Monthly. 

XIV.  The  Poet  of  the  Sierras,— Joaquin  Miller. 

XV.  The  Last  of  the  Satirists,  Ambrose  Bierce  and  His  Friends, 
George  Sterling  and  Herman  Scheffauer. 

XVI.  Edward  Markham,  the  Poet  of  Humanity. 

XVII.  The  Nature  Writers  of  California. 

XVIII.  The  Humorists  of  California. 

XIX.  The  Earlier  Poets  of  California. 

XX.  The  History  Writers  of  California. 

XXI.  The   Dramatic  Writers  of  California. 

XXII.  Some  Great  Editors  of  California. 

XXIII.  The  Orators  of  California. 

XXIV.  The  Forensic  Literature  of  California. 

XXV.  The  Scientific  Literature  of  California. 

XXVI.  The  San  Jose  Poets. 

XXVII.  The  Religious  Poets  of  California. 

XXVIII.  The  Later  Poets  of  California. 

XXIX.  The  Short  Story  Writers  of  California. 

XXX.  The  Men  Novelists  of  California. 

XXXI.  The  Women  Novelists  of  California. 

XXXII.  California's  Place  in  the  Literature  of  the  World. 

This  Text  Book  will  contain  about  400  pages,  large  8vo,  and  its 
price  will  be  $2.50  net.  Advance  subscriptions  are  earnestly  solicited, 
as  well  as  suggestions  from  Literature  and  History  teachers  who  are 
interested  in  the  subject. 


BOOKS  BY 

GEORGE  WHARTON  JAMES 


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and  Pictorial  Account  of  the  Franciscan  Missions.  With  142  illustrations 
from  photographs  showing  the  architecture,  the  interior  decorations, 
furniture,  pulpits,  crosses  and  candle-sticks  of  the  Missions,  pictures  of 
the  Saints,  etc.  8vo.  $3.00  net. 

THE  WONDERS  OF  THE  COLORADO  DESERT  (Southern  California).  Its 
River  and  its  Mountains,  its  Canyons  and  its  Springs,  its  Life  and  its 
History  pictured  and  described.  Including  an  account  of  a  recent  jour 
ney  made  down  the  overflow  of  the  Colorado  River  to  the  mysterious 
Salton  Sea.  With  a  colored  frontispiece,  32  full-page  plates,  and  more 
than  300  pen  and  ink  sketches  by  Carl  Eytel.  8vo.  $2.50  net.  Express 
paid,  $2.75. 

THE  STORY  OF  SCRAGGLES.  An  Autobiography  of  a  Song  Sparrow.  Illus 
trated  by  Sears  Gallagher  and  from  photographs.  12mo.  Cloth,  $1.00. 

THROUGH  RAMONA'S  COUNTRY.  406  pages.  Fully  illustrated  from  pho 
tographs.  Crown  8vo.  $2.00  net;  postpaid,  $2.20. 

PRACTICAL  BASKET  MAKING.  124  pages.  With  nearly  100  illustrations. 
$1.25  net;  postpaid,  $1.35. 

CALIFORNIA  BIRTHDAY  BOOK.  Selections  from  the  writings  of  Living 
Authors,  with  biographical  sketch  of  each  and  list  of  books.  343  pages. 
16mo.  Cloth  $1.00;  postpaid  $1.10. 

THE  POETRY  AND  SYMBOLISM  OF  INDIAN  BASKETRY.  A  relation  of 
the  stories  told  the  author  by  the  weavers  of  tradition,  myth,  legend, 
symbolism,  aspiration,  prayer,  and  personal  emotion  woven  into  their 
basketry  designs.  Fully  illustrated  with  every  basket  of  especial  design 
in  the  author's  historic  collection.  Paper  covers,  50c,  post  free  55c. 

THE  RADIANT  LIFE  PRESS 
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